Overview of Marketing and Branding Products of Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited free essay sample

The correct usage of these Lubricants of right quality ensures prolonged and trouble free vehicle operation, providing maximum benefits to the users of present day modern vehicles. Overview In line with the economic liberalisation in India, Lubricants was the first downstream Petroleum product to be totally deregulated with effect from 1991. Since then a large number of players National, MNCs as well as Global Players have entered the Indian Lubricants market. Despite operating in a totally competitive environment, BPCLs Lubricants SBU has been registering a growth in lubricant sales continuously over the past couple of years. In 2007-08, an overall growth of 10% has been registered, with a healthy turnover of Rs. 1680 crores (approx USD 350 million). In 1998, we re-launched our Lubricants in new attractive packs, mainly in Automotive category with three major brands depicting each segment- Mak for Diesel Engine oils, Automol for Petrol Engine oils and Glide for Two/Three wheelers(mainly 2T then). We will write a custom essay sample on Overview of Marketing and Branding Products of Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the year 2003, we decided to go for Umbrella Brand-MAK Lubricants, in subsequent years, branded all our industrial grades with MAK. Retail Channel Our core strength is our retail outlet network across the country, this comprises of about 7530 retail outlets. Our Lubes SBU have undertaken various initiatives in co-ordination with Retail Business to grow our sales volume through this channel. Initiatives undertaken by the SBU are setting up of Hero Honda City Works, Tata Authorised Service Station (TASS) and installation of Quick Oil Change Machines at retail outlets. Bazaar Channel With a network of 190 PLDs, 600 MAK Garages and MAK Mobile Vans established to improve reach and penetration in rural and unrepresented areas of MAK Brand, the SBU could reach to the last mile as far as the customers are concerned! We continue to improve our brand visibility across the network and there by increasing our market share across the segments. Industrial Channel Large number of prestigious customers has been added during the year to our already existing prestigious customer list. We are also suppliers of initial engine oil fill to TATA Motors, TVS, and Hero Honda etc. We also hold respectable share of Railway and Defence business. Infrastructure The Lube Plants at Wadilube (Mumbai), Budge Budge (Calcutta), Loni (Delhi) and Tondiarpet (Chennai) have organised themselves as close-knit teams to maximize levels of production and dispatch. The Plant at Wadilube is an ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004 amp; OHSAS 18001:2007 certified Plant. As part of the ongoing improvements in packaging, the new series of packages developed entirely in-house have been introduced. Other initiatives To support the business initiatives, a major thrust has been given to improving BPCL’s product offering and increases its market presence. The new Ramp;D Center at Sewree, Mumbai, has developed a number of new products in the automotive and industrial categories. Towards higher visibility, substantial investments have been made in revitalising the brands through product quality and package improvements. The entire distribution system has been revamped with the formation of Supply Chain Management department to ensure that products are more conveniently available and distinctively visible in the market price. Exclusive branded Lube Shoppes have been opened all over the country to improve our reach, as well as many innovative amp; unconventional methods are being used to create brand awareness especially in the diesel oils segments. Another major initiative has been to reach the products to the rural population through the tie-up with ITC – e-choupal network which has spread the MAK brand across the country in rural areas also. Currently this network is available in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh and is likely to extend to other states also shortly. MAK also embarked on another thrust area of enrolling garages across the country in the network of â€Å"MAK Garages† there by providing standardized service across the network. This initiative not only rovides opportunity for the garages to enhance their business opportunity but also provides an assurance to the end customers that their vehicles are getting the right kind of lubricants. Brand Ambassador To promote MAK brand among the youth and improve the brand visibility, MAK signed up M. S. Dhoni as Brand ambassador in the year 2006. The rise of MAK brand in the minds of the consumers as well as market share coincided with the rise of Dhoni also, who today is the Youth icon of the year and also the Captain of the Indian team for all versions of the game – like MAK being the â€Å"Champion of All Engines†. BPCL is confident that it will continue to make substantial and sustained efforts with appropriate investments, synergies business between channels, improve quality and quantity standards, invest in Ramp;D for new product development and aggressively build the brands to result in maximising the value addition for both the business and its customers. Research and Development Vision To create a centre of technical excellence for Product amp; Application Development through pursuit of knowledge and fostering creativity / innovation to be a pacesetter and achieve cost leadership in petroleum industry. Introduction The Research amp; Development Centre at Sewree, Mumbai was established in 1983 and recognized by Department of Scientific amp; Industrial Research, MoSamp;T. The Ramp;D Centre has highly skilled and experienced Scientists amp; Engineers capable of developing various types of lubricant products, innovatively, using modern technology. It is equipped with state-of-the-art equipment / facilities for testing of lubricants, greases and fuels besides certain rig amp; performance tests required for developing new lubricants as well as upgrading the existing products on continuous basis.

A perspective on entrepreneurship Essays

A perspective on entrepreneurship Essays A perspective on entrepreneurship Paper A perspective on entrepreneurship Paper Perspective on Entrepreneurship The term entrepreneurship has entered the business vocabulary as the sass equivalent of professionalism, the managerial buzzword of the sass. Many individuals aspire to be entrepreneurs, enjoying the freedom, Independence and wealth such a career seems to suggest. And larger corporations want to become more entrepreneurial, their shorthand for the innovative and adaptive qualities they see in their smaller ?and often more successful ?competitors. Our purpose in his chapter is to shed some light on the concept of entrepreneurship. We will define entrepreneurship as a management process, and will discuss why we believe encouraging entrepreneurial behavior is critical to the long-term vitality of our economy. Finally, we will suggest that the practice of entrepreneurship Is as important, if not more important?to established companies as it is to start-ups. Increasing Interest in Entrepreneurship It would be difficult to overstate the degree to which there has been an increase in the level of Interest in entrepreneurship. A strong Indicator of such Interest is revived by the unprecedented rise in the rate of new business formation. The number of annual new business Incorporation has doubled In the last ten years, from annual rates of about 300,000 to over 600,000. These trends are mirrored in the capital markets that fund these start-ups. The decade 1975-1984 saw explosive growth in the amount of capital committed to venture capital firms in the United States. There was a concurrent dramatic increase in the amount of money raised in the public capital markets by young companies. In Dalton to Interest on the part of individuals who wish to become entrepreneurs ND Investors who wish to back them, there has been a wave of Interest In what some refer to as Entrepreneurship, or entrepreneurship in the context of the larger corporation. In addition to the wealth of books and articles on the subject, some large firms seem to have recognized their shortcomings on certain critical dimensions of performance, and have structured themselves in an attempt to be more innovative. Indeed, we believe that the strengthening of entrepreneurship Is a critically important goal of American society. The first thirty years of the postwar period In the united States were characterized by an abundance of opportunity, brought about by expanding markets, high investment in the national infrastructure, mushrooming debt. In this environment, it was relatively easy to achieve Professor Howard H. Stevenson prepared this case. HOBS cases are developed solely as the basis for class discussion. Cases are not Intended to serve as management. Copyright 1983 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http:// www. Hobs. Arvada. Due. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means ?electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise?without the permission of Harvard Business School. 384-131 business success, but this is no longer true. Access to international resources is not as easy as it once was; government regulation has brought a recognition of the full costs of doing business, many of which had previously been hidden; competition from overseas has put an end to American dominance in numerous industries; genealogical change has reduced product life in other industries; and so forth. In short, a successful firm is one that is either capable of rapid response to changes that are beyond its control, or, is so innovative that it contributes to change in the environment. Entrepreneurship is an approach to management that offers these benefits. Defining Entrepreneurship As we have discussed, there has been a striking increase in the level of attention paid to the subject of entrepreneurship. However, weve not yet defined what the term means. As a starting point, it may be helpful to review some of the definitions scholars have historically applied to entrepreneurship. There are several schools of thought regarding entrepreneurship, which may roughly be divided into those that define the term as an economic function and those that identify entrepreneurship with individual traits. The functional approach focuses upon the role of entrepreneurship within the economy. In the 18th century, for instance, Richard Cancellation argued that entrepreneurship entailed bearing the risk of buying at certain prices and selling at uncertain prices. Jean Baptists Say broadened the definition to include the concept of bringing together the factors of production. Summersets work in 1911 added the concept of innovation to the definition of entrepreneurship. He allowed for many kinds of innovation including process innovation, market innovation, product innovation, factor innovation, and even organizational innovation. His seminal work emphasized the role of the entrepreneur in creating and responding to economic discontinuities. While some analysts have focused on the economic function of entrepreneurship, still others have turned their attention to research on the personal characteristics of entrepreneurs. Considerable effort has gone into understanding the psychological ND sociological sources of entrepreneurship ?as Kent refers to it, supply-side entrepreneurs with respect to need for achievement, perceived locus of control, and irrigating propensity. In addition, many have commented upon the common ?but not universal ?thread of childhood deprivation and early adolescent experiences as typifying the entrepreneur. These studies?when taken as a whole?are inconclusive and often in conflict. We believe, however, that neither of these approaches is sound. Consider, for example, the degree to which entrepreneurship is synonymous with bearing risk, innovation, or even founding a company. Each of these terms focuses upon some aspect of some entrepreneurs. But, if one has to be the founder to be an entrepreneur, then neither Thomas Watson of IBM nor Ray Crock of McDonalds will qualify; yet, few would seriously argue that both these individuals were not entrepreneurs. And, while risk bearing is an important element of entrepreneurial behavior, it is clear that many entrepreneurs bear risk grudgingly and only after they have made valiant attempts to get the capital sources and resource providers to bear the risk. As one extremely successful entrepreneur said: My idea of risk and reward s for me to get the reward and others to take the risks. With respect to the supply side school of entrepreneurship, many questions can be raised. At the heart of the matter is whether the psychological and social traits are either necessary or sufficient for the development of entrepreneurship. 2 Finally, the search for a single psychological profile of the entrepreneur is bound to fail. For each of the traditional definitions of the entrepreneurial type, there are numerous counter-examples that disprove the theory. We simply are not dealing with one kind of individual or behavior pattern, as even a cursory review of well-known entrepreneurs will demonstrate. Nor has the search for a psychological model proven useful in teaching or encouraging entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship as a Behavioral Phenomenon Thus, it does not seem useful to delimit the entrepreneur by defining those economic functions that are entrepreneurial and those that are not. Nor does it appear particularly helpful to describe the traits that seem to engender entrepreneurship in certain individuals. From our perspective, entrepreneurship is an approach to management that we define as follows: the pursuit of opportunity without regard to resources currently controlled. This summary description of entrepreneurial behavior can be further refined by examining six critical dimensions of business practice. These six dimensions are the following: strategic orientation, the commitment to opportunity, the resource commitment process, the concept of control over resources, the concept of management, and compensation policy. We shall define these dimensions by promoter who feels confident of his or her ability to seize opportunity regardless of the resources under current control. At the opposite extreme is the trustee who emphasizes the efficient utilization of existing resources. While the promoter and rustle define the end points of this spectrum, there is a spectrum of managerial behavior that lies between these end-points, and we define (overlapping) portions of this spectrum as entrepreneurial and administrative behavior. Thus, entrepreneurial management is not an extreme example, but rather a range of behavior that consistently falls at the end of the spectrum. The remainder of this chapter defines these key business dimensions in more detail, discusses how entrepreneurial differs from administrative behavior, and describes the factors that pull individuals and firms towards particular types of behavior. Strategic Orientation Strategic orientation is the business dimension that describes the factors that drive the firms formulation of strategy. A promoter is truly opportunity-driven. His or her orientation is to say, As I define a strategy, I am going to be driven only by my perception of the opportunities that exist in my environment, and I will not be constrained by the resources at hand. A trustee, on the other hand, is resource- driven and tends to say, How do I utilize the resources that I control? Within these two poles, the administrators approach recognizes the need to examine the environment for opportunities, but is still constrained by a trustee-like focus on resources: l will prune my opportunity tree based on the resources I control. I will not try to leap very far beyond my current situation. An entrepreneurial orientation places the emphasis on opportunity: l will search for opportunity, and my fundamental task is to acquire the resources to pursue that opportunity. These perspectives are represented on Figure 1 . 3 Figure 1 Promoter Driven by perception of opportunity STRATEGIC ORIENTATION Trustee Driven by resources currently controlled Administrative Domain Pressures toward this side Diminishing opportunity streams Social contracts Rapidly changing: Technology Consumer economics Social values Political rules Performance measurement criteria Planning systems and cycles It is this dimension that has led to one of the traditional definitions of the entrepreneur as opportunistic or ?more favorably ?creative and innovative. But the entrepreneur is not necessarily concerned with breaking new ground; opportunity can also be found in a new mix of old ideas or in the creative application of traditional approaches. We do observe, however, that firms tend to look for opportunities where their resources are. Even those firms that start as entrepreneurial by recognizing opportunities often become resource-driven as more and more resources are acquired by the organization. The pressures that pull a firm towards the entrepreneurial range of behavior include the following: Diminishing opportunity streams: old opportunity streams have been largely played out. It is no longer possible to succeed merely by adding new options to old products. Rapid changes in: Technology: creates new opportunities at the same time it obsoletes old ones. Consumer economics: changes both ability and willingness to pay for new products ND services. Social values: defines new styles and standards and standards of living. Political roles: affects competition through deregulation, product safety and new standards. Pressures which pull a firm to become more administrative than entrepreneurial 4 The social contract: the responsibility of managers to use and employ people, plant, technology and financial resources once they have been acquired. Performance criteria: how many executives are fired for not pursuing an opportunity, compared with the number that are punished for not meeting return on investment targets? Capacity utilization and sales growth are the typical measures of business success. Planning systems and cycles: opportunities do not arrive at the start of a planning cycle and last for the duration of a three- or five-year plan. Commitment to Opportunity As we move on to the second dimension, it becomes clear that the definition of the entrepreneur as creative or innovative is not sufficient. There are innovative thinkers who never get anything done; it is necessary to move beyond the identification of opportunity to its pursuit. The promoter is a person willing to act in a very short time frame and to chase an opportunity quickly. Promoters may be more or less effective, but they are able to engage in commitment in a rather revolutionary fashion. The duration of their commitment, not the ability to act, is all that is in doubt. Commitment for the trustee is time-consuming, and once made, of long duration. Trustees move so slowly that it sometimes appears they are stationary; once there, they seem frozen. This spectrum of behavior is shown on Figure 2. Figure 2 Revolutionary with short duration COMMITMENT TO OPPORTUNITY Evolutionary of long duration Action orientation Acknowledgment of multiple constituencies Short decision windows Negotiation of strategy Risk management Risk reduction Limited decision constituencies Management of fit It is the willingness to get in and out quickly that has led to the entrepreneurs reputation as a gambler. However, the simple act of taking a risk does not lead to success. More critical to the success of the entrepreneurs is knowledge of the territory they operate in. Because of familiarity with their chosen field, they have the ability to recognize patterns as they develop, and the confidence to assume the missing elements of the pattern will take shape as they foresee. This early recognition enables them to get a Jump on others in commitment to action. Pressures which pull a business towards this entrepreneurial end of the spectrum include: Action orientation: enables a firm to make first claim to customers, employees and financial resources. 5 Short decision windows: due to the high costs of late entry, including lack of competitive costs and technology. Risk management: involves managing the firms revenues in such a way that they can be rapidly committed to or withdrawn from new projects. As George Bernard Shaw put it, Any fool can start a love affair, but it takes a genius to end one successfully. Limited decision constituencies: requires a smaller number of responsibilities and remits greater flexibility. In contrast, administrative behavior is a function of other pressures: Multiple decision constituencies: a great number of responsibilities, necessitating a more complex, lengthier decision process. Negotiation of strategy: compromise in order to reach consensus and resultant evolutionary rather than revolutionary commitment. Risk reduction: study and analysis to reduce risk slows the decision-making process. Management of fit: to assure the continuity and participation of existing players, only those projects which fit existing corporate resources are acceptable. Commitment of Resources Another characteristic we observe in good entrepreneurs is a multistage commitment of resources with a minimum commitment at each stage or decision point. The promoters, those wonderful people with blue shoes and diamond pinky rings on their left hands, say, l dont need any resources to commence the pursuit of a given opportunity. I will bootstrap it. The trustee says, Since my object is to use my resources, once I finally commit I will go in very heavily at the front end. The issue for the entrepreneur is: what resources are necessary to pursue a given opportunity? There is a constant tension between the amount of resources omitted and the potential return. The entrepreneur attempts to maximize value creation by minimizing the resource set, and must, of course, accept more risk in the process. On the other hand, the trustee side deals with this challenge by careful analysis and large-scale commitment of resources after the decision to act. Entrepreneurial management requires that you learn to do a little more with a little less. Figure 3 addresses this concept. Multistage with minimal exposure at each stage Entrepreneurial Domain Single-staged with complete commitment upon decision Lack of predictable resource needs Personal risk reduction Lack of long-term control Incentive compensation Social needs for more opportunity per resource unit Managerial turnover International pressure for more efficient resource use Formal planning systems On this dimension we have the traditional stereotype of the entrepreneur as tentative, uncommitted, or temporarily dedicated?an image of unreliability. In times of rapid change, however, this characteristic of stepped, multistage commitment of resources is a definite advantage in responding to changes in competition, the market, and technology. The process of committing resources is pushed towards the entrepreneurial domain by several factors: Lack of predictable resource needs: forces the entrepreneurs to commit less up front so that more will be available later on, if required. Lack of long-term control: requires that commitment match exposure. If control over resources can be removed by environmental, political or technological forces, resource exposure should also be reduced. Social needs: multistage commitment of resources brings us closer to the small is beautiful formulation of E. F. Schumacher, by allowing for the appropriate level of source intensity for the task. International demands?pressures that we use no more than our fair share of the worlds resources, e. G. , not the 35% of the worlds energy that the United States was using in the early sass. The pressures within the large corporation, however, are in the other direction ?toward resource intensity.

People Have Become Overly Dependent on Technology Essay

People Have Become Overly Dependent on Technology - Essay Example The chief aim that humans seek to advance technologically is to make life easier and better. However, as humans make more innovations, they have also become more dependent on technology such that most aspects of human life cannot be sustained if technology was withdrawn. Off all the forms of technology, computer technology stands out to be the one, which has become a crucial part of human life. However, the list of technological devices and gargets that define the life of modern humans is endless. Numerous aspects of human life demonstrate the unlimited level of human dependence on technology (Hooff, Dijk, Bouwman, & Wijngaert, 2005). The list of aspects of human life that are extremely dependent on technology is endless. Technology has become part of human life without which life would be unimaginable. Even the simplest of human needs cannot be met without technology. A good example is food. Technology is considered important and process such as production, storage and food preparation enormously depend on technology. Some food types would not be in existence without technology. The extension of the shelf life of most human foods depends on technological devices. Food preparation processes such as cooking make use of technological devices. The quality of processed food depends on the type of technology used. The food production and processing industries are extremely dependent on technology. Since food remains the most crucial basic need for humans, it is thus correct to say that humans are excessively reliant on technology. Without technology, food shortage would be a serious predicament facing human beings (Ra hman & Raisinghani, 2000). Technological devices such as computers have become an essential need in running the daily activity of any organization, institution, or even business. Communication has become advanced and progressively dependent on technology. Communicating devices such

Case study for subjest ( Strategic Leadership in Criminal Justice ) Essay

Case study for subjest ( Strategic Leadership in Criminal Justice ) - Essay Example e criminal justice setting are faced with several dilemmas when it comes to implementing disciplinary actions that would foster a positive change among subordinates. This paper seeks to analyze one of a typical leadership dilemma in the criminal justice setting. I am Gary Hart, a leader of a small team of correctional officers at the Undon Correctional Facility. It has come to my attention that one of my team members and subordinates has been engaging in poor work practices. By poor working practice, I mean the team member is reported to be involved in unexplained absenteeism, sleeping on night shift, not making mandatory security checks and so on. Presently, I have undertaken a performance review meeting to outline the work performance concerns with the officer and develop an action plan to improve performance. The performance review meeting involves the team member in question. I am quite nervous of the meeting and issues to be raised by the team member is going to be because based on previous performance review meetings that I have had with the team member, it is likely that the team member will be very defensive about his work performance and will seek to blame management for this behaviour. My real dilemma therefore has to do with choo sing one leadership theory and design ways of making this leadership theory in the wake of the current leadership dilemma. The criminal justice setting is an important agency of our national development (Abion, 2001). Exceptionally important is the role played by the various correctional facilities. The Centre for Mindfulness and Justice (2011) notes that â€Å"the role of correctional employees is to provide safety for community residents, inmates and employees residing in and working in correctional facilities.† This makes the correctional facility a transformation centre where people are expected to leave with a lot of change of behaviour and character. People are expected to leave the correctional facilities, becoming

Responsibilities of Public Administrators Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Responsibilities of Public Administrators - Essay Example The excerpt outlines that the federal court judge ruled in favor of the authorities but not because of a clear verdict justified by law. McKelvey (2011) notes that administrators should show concern for the public good by executing actions that are justifiable to the citizens. The administrative duties need verification by the public as acts of common good prior to their implementation in a manner that does not threaten civil liberties. According to McKelvey (2011), public administrators should ensure the due process in the execution of their duties. That serves to prevent the infringement into individual citizens’ rights and avoids threat to civil liberties. Commands to terminate suspects’ lives should be backed by evidence. In this case, questioning the suspect and investigating into the matter would have been appropriate in substitution for the spray of missiles from the drone (McKelvey, 2011). Procedural respect towards citizens can help to avoid the execution of ci tizens based on null and non-existent hypotheses. Public administrators should abide by the law as well as show honesty and truthfulness while executing their tasks. As outlined in the law, the executive authority in question needed to have an arrest warrant before executing their duties. Contrary to that, the administrators never had an arrest warrant. Failure to justify the reason for the killing constitutes threat to civil liberties. It would have been proper to provide concrete justification for their actions while executing duty.

Rapid Response to Natural Disasters

Rapid Response to Natural Disasters Rapid Response[c1] One of the most important features of logistic support management is a quick response following a natural disaster. With the recent improvement of information technology, the logistical operation has been able to be conducted on time and the delivery of the required materials to the victims has been more efficient than ever. A rapid response towards the natural disaster is crucial in order to minimize the damage being done and also reduce the number of lives lost, especially in the aftermath, which could be due to lack of medical coverage or insufficient food or water. This is why transportation method such as land, air and water transport is the most important before, during and after the disasters struck. In providing a rapid response towards a disaster, there come certain challenges with it such as[1]; Relocating critical equipment and commodities when a disaster warning is given Relocating[c2] the critical equipment and commodities needs to be carefully structured and planned as it needs to as far away as possible from the disaster location, to be completely safe from its effect radius. But it needs to be as close as possible to the disaster in order to provide a quick relief to those who are affected by the disaster. (suggestion buat assessment tentang disaster effect radius, and put away from that radius) Evacuation plans If[c3] a disaster struck a nation in all of a sudden, the people will all be still in the location and facing the disaster as it happens. This kind of situation will require a perfect evacuation plan as it involves a massive chaos and difficult to get things done in order. A chaotic situation is an already badly struck location will cause further damage and an increasing number of loss as it hastens the process of rescuing the people and providing an effective disaster aid. (suggestion – training and educating people about evacuating safely and in order. Rehearsal) Clearing path for the movement of people and materials after the disaster Related[c4] to the evacuation plans is the path or road being used to move the people out of the disaster area, as it might not be as in good condition as it were before. It might be congested with traffic of the people wanted to get out of the area, or full of rubbles from the destructions of the buildings and facilities, or being filled with mudslides or submerged in floodwater. These are the problems faced when a disaster relief operation is trying to provide a rapid response towards a disaster. (suggestion ) Method and procedures in the movement of casualties As[c5] a disaster struck, it normally causes a lot of casualties, with most of them involving major injuries that may lead to death. As rapid response is aiming towards reducing the number of death, it requires a proper management in terms of the method and procedures of dealing with the casualties. Not all personnel involved in the disaster aid relief operation are well trained with the procedures as it also involves volunteers from around the world. Though their intention is good, it may also hasten the process and thus the effort of trying to provide rapid response in diminished. (suggestion – provide more training for volunteering bodies around the world of a standard operating procedure and methods being used) Bringing in rescue and repair team, together with their facilities and equipment Transport In the event of a disaster, the resources needed as part of a relief operation must be transported to the affected area as quickly as possible to attend to the casualties and also reduce the number of death and prevent further damages to that area. But providing the amount of transport for all that in such a short time is a big challenge as part of the logistic support group. It is key to use whatever transportation left in the affected area, especially as bigger and better transport from outside is being delayed with the route being cut off as a result of the disaster. And getting the cooperation from the agencies, companies or any organization with any method of transportation is also a challenge as it might involve funds, assets and other matters that need time to be coordinated. (suggestion deal with local organizations, agencies or companies as part of their own disaster plan) (suggestion – create a networking system between all agencies and organizations for cooperation in terms of transportation to increase the efficiency of the relief operations) Coordination and Collaborations Dealing with the event of a natural disaster, it is hard for the affected nation to handle the matter on its own, as their system is crippled and the organization is in chaos. This is why it will need help and support from other nation, especially their neighboring countries or member countries of a regional organization. During a disaster relief, part of the logistic matter is moving and distributing the commodities in as short time as possible to the victims, and this normally involves huge transportation coordination and is a very expensive matter. And certain processes or procedures are too complex to be used in such a critical time where everything needs to be done in such a short space of time. (suggestion – more detailed cooperation between member countries of any organization must be made (OIC, NAM, etc.), not focusing only on regional organization. Better coordination brings better process standardization – better cooperation and better results) (suggestion – information sharing on the critical needs, then easier to coord) Undestanding Environments For the coalition or regional organization, a disaster relief operation mostly involves working in a very different environment and also limited to several constraints. For example, in a disaster that involves conflicts, the distribution and transportation of goods might not be as smooth as it should be. Even with good conditioned roads and transport vehicles, they might me susceptible to attacks, ambushes or mines. Their supply center and relief workers might also be targets for these attacks, which might hamper the process of reaching out to the victims. Political situation might also pose a problem to the success of the relief operation as different groups tries to take advantage of distribution process in the name of their own organization for political gains. Though it has nothing to do with the disaster relief operation organization, it does hamper the initial objective of delivering the goods as quickly as possible to the right community. (suggestion – local capabilities must be identified, as the utilization of their capcities will provide benefits to the relief operation. must identify mana proses yg boleh cepat, mana yg akan lambat. Siapa yg boleh tolong, siapa yg akan menyusahkan.) Sustenance Support Even though the initial support or relief is crucial in saving lives and minimizing damages, it needs to be sustained for a longer period of time in order for it to be completely functioning as it is supposed to be. Resupplies must be coordinated so that the right amount is delivered, as it might vary from the initial quantity and specifications, as adjustments on the commodities are being made from time to time. (suggestion – after receiving the initial support, local authorities must work out the on adjustments and on providing resupplies. Not totally depending on supports from others only.) Packaging xxx (suggestion The aspect of the logistic support that must be given the importance is the Packaging of commodities. Handling equipment, determine the bulk of the unit package should be done accurately as to protect it from damaging. However, Storage and transport circumstances determine the strength of the package unit. For example medicines in plastic bottles survive rough road transport. Other related aspect that should be kept in mind is Shelf-life Climate, Spoilage, Pest resistance (FEMA, 2013, NDMA, 2010). Protecting Important Provisions After the episode of disaster large-scale, relief logistics require consistent and sustained supplies of critical and fast-moving products such as fuel, oil, lubricants, tires, and essential spare parts. In addition, expansion of an operation requires shipments of high value specialist equipment. The time of disaster condition is critical any need may rise therefore before during and after the disaster the protection, handling and provision of the related supplies must be done carefully, such as; Fuel import, refining, and storage, Materials handling and storage at ports , Unloading and bagging equipment, container handling, and secure Storage, Handling and storage at Airport , Storage at developing regional airfields, local assembly and secure packing of tires and spares parts ( UNDP, 2006; NDMA, 2010). Security Time taken to get clearance or permission will cause delay. Commercial airfields ports might be damaged as a result from the disaster. So need to use unconventional ways such as military infrastructure as nearest point of entry. This will need special clearance requires more time to get permissions Security arrangements should be reviewed as soon as the disaster hits. Access to some routes and airfields may be destructed to reach the location or clearance and permits may be needed by the logistic supply teams, especially in emergencies. Hence, Arrangements should be made to obtain the relevant documents before, rather than after, the onset of a disaster (Iqbal et al., 2007; UNDP, 2006). Distribution Distribution of products to victims at the disaster location is distinct from transport and handling bulk package of commodities. The assignment of distribution is commonly decentralized to a distinct agency. It includes the physical and non-physical transfer or distribution from their point of production to the point at which they made available to the victims. The effectiveness of distribution systems depends largely on how recipients are selected and identified in the first place. Often this is a complex and highly political activity, over which external implementing agencies has only limited influence (UNDP, 2006). Bibliography United Nation Development Program (UNDP). (2006). Logistics: Disaster Management Training Program. New York. [1] UNDP. (2006) [c1]Dah siap rephrase [c2]Yang nombor (i) semua chong sendiri..nak kena bubuh reference ke? [c3]Yang nombor (i) semua chong sendiri..nak kena bubuh reference ke? [c4]Yang nombor (i) semua chong sendiri..nak kena bubuh reference ke? [c5]Yang nombor (i) semua chong sendiri..nak kena bubuh reference ke?

Jim Morrison Essay example -- essays research papers

I don't quite recall when I first heard a Doors' song, but I could safely assume that it was Jim Morrison wailing the tune "Light My Fire" or "Break on Through". After all, these two anthems are the foundations upon which the Doors' legend was built, and to this day remain the band's gems. But as I have come to learn through the years of reading about and scouring over regurgitated bits of information of this group is that they are so much more than a member of the genre of those 1960s bands who musically fell in love with drugs, love, and repetitive choruses. Gathering knowledge from a countless number of books, newspaper articles, and documentaries about the band's lead singer, Jim Morrison, has led me to scorn the drunken, obnoxious hippie identity that a majority of the public has perceived him to be some thirty years after his passing. There was a time when I shared these prejudicial views with the casual listeners, but it's been quite a long road to persona lly come to the conclusion that Jim was a poet who had something valuable to say when he was performing. However, a public misconception of Morrison and the Doors still remains, and will linger for the simple reason that we cannot re-live the late 1960s and become acquainted with this rock n roll icon. Thus, this very fact incited me to gain a better understanding of the legend that's been bogged in criticism for the last thirty years. Now, before I commend Jim for all that he's accomplished in his twenty-seven years on this earth, it is only reasonable and fair to point out that he was not flawless. He was not one to compromise with authority, and undoubtedly expiremented in drugs and risky situations. Indeed, he often put himself in danger, and the result was a payment of the ultimate price: death. Death from years of alcohol abuse, late night partying, and frolicking around town. Death from a haggard soul that had done and seen almost everything that anyone could conceive. However, it should be cited that he had never purposely intended to harm another soul on his downward spiral through life. He would often saturate his mind with liquor, but consciously close the flood gates just as he was to plummet from the edge of sanity. The same "loud-mouthed, insane, drug-induced monster" who once sang with a straight face of killing his father and having sexual intercourse wi... ...e suicide of a twenty-seven year old rock star that at one time seemingly had it all. However, I wouldn't be doing my duty as a Doors fan if I were to simply accept the fact that Jim Morrison, the Lizard King, took his own life solely because of a disappointment with life. The critics; the media; the same people who adored and worshipped Morrison when he was a do-good American pop icon pushed their beloved son until he couldn't handle life any more. They criticized and publicly crucified Jim Morrison for having an open mind and expressing himself through his music. The same country that was built on the right that gave every citizen allowance to voice his or her opinion on the state of society killed Jim Morrison for doing just that. The land of the free....... Jim was led to his demise by the cruel surrounding we call our society. He couldn't take the pain anymore, so there was one surefire way to end it all. As he was notorious for doing, he worded it best in the Doors' classic "The Soft Parade" by surrendering himself: "Can you give me sancuary?/ I must find a place to hide.......Can you find me soft asylum?/ I can't make it anymore/ The Man is at the door."

Informal Essay

I received an education from elementary school through college in Shanghai, China. As Shanghai is an international city, its education authorities greatly value the importance of English learning and English is thus one of the mandatory subjects taught beginning in elementary school. Chinese students can score high marks and even outscore native English speakers on tests such as the GRE and GMAT, but on writing sections, Chinese students’ performance lags far behind the average. Why does this happen?What should be the proper teaching strategy in an ESL/EFL writing classroom? This paper shares my perspectives on English writing, teaching, and learning, based on my own experiences. My English writing classes started in middle school. Before that, my English classes mostly emphasized the teaching of vocabulary and grammar. However, even though I was now a middle school student, English writing was still not treated as an important part of English learning. There was no separate E nglish writing class.Once or twice every month, my English teacher would give us a 40-minute English writing lecture. The ironic thing is, as I see it today, this lecture was still more of a reading class than a writing class, because most of the time my teacher would assign us a certain amount of reading, ask us to underline the sentences we thought were â€Å"good† and write them into our notebooks. Although I agree that reading is the foundation of writing, I disapprove of this way of teaching writing.In my second year of middle school, teachers started to â€Å"formally† teach writing. We would be given certain simple topics to write about such as â€Å"The most unforgettable thing in your life† or â€Å"My family†. To begin the writing task, my teacher would first read several examples and carefully help the class analyze why each composition was excellent and explain what we should be aware of when writing about this topic. Another thing worth menti oning is that these examples were usually assigned as rote learning.The only criteria for a composition included length, absence of spelling or grammar mistakes, and the use of new vocabulary. As we can see, the content of the compositions was completely overlooked; instead, grammar and vocabulary alone still played the key roles in our writing education. Limiting the scope of this paper, I will not continue on with a summary of my high school and college English writing education, because I believe these early xperiences already suffice to represent the usual methods of teaching writing in China. Today, whenever I reflect on my past learning experiences in writing, I meet with some difficult emotions. I can say I am a skilled writer in my native language, but I still lack confidence in English writing. I feel I am a victim of English education in China because I always have a hard time outputting what is in my mind with decent English. Whenever that difficulty arises, I feel awful, as if I am linguistically and cognitively deficient.Also, having been educated for so long in China, where repeatedly writing model compositions is the fundamental approach in improving writing, another weakness of my writing is its lack of creativity and critical thinking. My thoughts are restricted into a limited space and I am just accustomed to recalling whatever is already filed in my repertoire of writing expressions, drawn from those model compositions. One year ago, I enrolled in a GRE writing course in Shanghai to prepare for my GRE test in which the only materials handed out were two books.One was a 28-page book with all kinds of model sentences this organization had arranged in a list, and the second was a thick book covering all the likely topics (about 130 topics in all) to be tested in the GRE writing section with sample compositions. Although the instructor offered some insightful writing skills, the implication was obvious to everyone—for those unable to writ e a composition themselves, just repeat the sample sentences and compositions; hopefully, the topic you are tested on happens to be the one you have learned by rote.Having undergone these frustrations and confusions in English writing, I realized that good English writing skills do not come from popular writing instruction books, no matter how appealing the titles—whether â€Å"Learn to Write in 10 Minutes,† or â€Å"Be a Writing King,† one cannot develop into a skilled writer by simply memorizing the tips they offer or memorizing the sentences they list. You can never become a skilled writer by only recalling sample compositions, or even by focusing only on correct grammar and spelling.From my own experience, I do benefit from reading books and newspapers written by native English speakers and recording the brilliant sentences or ideas from these resources. This might be the only aspect of the Chinese English education system I applaud, and I still keep this ha bit today. However, it should never be the sole method of learning. The second strategy I recommend to ESL writing students is to reject whatever appears first in their mind when searching for writing resources, because this might also be another’s first choice.Seven out of ten students might choose Marie Curie for the topic â€Å"Female Scientists;† erase the thought of Marie Curie and instead choose Ada Byron or Rosalind Franklin. You need to think carefully in order to make your compositions outstanding from others’ and leave your readers with a lasting impression. In my opinion, not everyone can produce the superior sentences or command the vast vocabulary of Mark Twain, but we can certainly distinguish ourselves by our content.Having practiced English writing for several years, I think the two most salient differences from my Chinese writing style and English writing style are the writing tone and the method of organizing a composition. Chinese writing styl es are typically reserved while American styles are more often straightforward. Chinese people pursue collectivism while Americans value individualism. To most Chinese, maintaining harmonious interpersonal relationships is vitally important.Moreover, the Chinese government exerts invisible power over people through words, so people are cautious in expressing their opinions in order to avoid unnecessary trouble. As a result, My Chinese writing style is relatively more tactful than my English writing. I tend to call for the collective good in the last sentence of my Chinese compositions. In contrast, when I write in English, I prefer to express my voice without worrying about breaking harmony with others because I know individual rights are highly recognized in Western society.The second difference between my Chinese writing and English writing is the method of organizing compositions. The basic English composition structure follows the pattern of introduction-body-conclusion while th e Chinese structure is characterized as beginning-following-turning-concluding, which is the same as the Japanese style. The turning section is expected to be surprising, and the whole composition reaches its climax at this point. This also is related to what I have mentioned above—collectivism and individualism.When writing in Chinese, I like to make my writing beautiful, lively and ornate for my readers. In other words, I feel I have responsibility for my readers and hope they will regard reading my writings as an enjoyment. However, when writing in English, all I think about is how to make my ideas clear to my readers. From my personal experiences of learning and writing in English, I can see what an influential role culture plays in writing in a second language. My students might come from different cultural backgrounds and hold different beliefs.These all have a great influence over both what they write and how they write. As an ESL instructor, I think my job is not simp ly to teach them to comply with the Western way of writing and tell them to reject their original ways of writing. Instead, I think what is valuable for ESL instructors to know is how to guide our students toward writing truly excellent compositions. Their writing must be clear enough to be appreciated by the Western world, but should also maintain the cultural characteristics of their native language writing, because multiculturalism enriches our writing, bringing it color and vibrancy.

Richard Rodriguez

Richard Rodriguez Theme in Hunger of Memory: Scholarship Boy Theme in Hunger of Memory: Scholarship Boy The author, Richard Rodriguez uses his education background as a central theme in his work to depict how his private life is different from his public life. He particularly revolves around language and education illustrating how they influenced his transition from childhood to adulthood. During his school years, English was enforced as the mode of communication. At his early days, he was a poor performer and this caught the attention of his teachers. However, this was not the case as he becomes a book warmer and English becomes the preferred mode of communication. The student who did not understand a single English word at the age of six, twenty years later, can proudly summarize his education career with one sentence. He progresses through life in a mindset of achievement to become a renowned individual in the same thing that he poorly performed (the English language). Being of a Spanish origin, Rodriguez quest for education tears him apart from his native culture. This is particularly seen as he laments of the success he gained at the expense of his family ties. From one level of education to the next, he would receive awards and everyone congratulated him saying â€Å"Your parents must be very proud†. This, however, made him feel guilty and sleazy as he remembered that the relationship with his parents and siblings was not that tight. He had forfeited their relationship at the expense of his education. The boy had an intimate relationship with his books. His parents were even worried about his social life. On the other hand, his siblings would make jokes about him and his reading habits. Despite his success, the author feels to have attained it in an odd way. He had the feeling that he was a bad scholarship student.   Being a member of the Spanish speaking countries, his endeavors alienated him from his cultural heritage. The members of his society felt betrayed by him acquiring formal education and his criticism to both bilingual education and affirmative action (Rodriguez 1983). Rodriguez ability of retracing his childhood memories brings to his attention the inevitable reality. School had challenged him for the better. Although it had taken him many years to come to terms with the truth, it finally hit him that the primary reason for his success in the classroom was that he enjoyed that kind of life as opposed to his former. Through this, Richard Rodriguez is able to display the power of education and extensive use of language. The hero attributes these two aspects as the greatest pillars contributing to his transition to adulthood. Although he criticizes education, he does it in a peculiar way that depicts his appreciation of the role the subject played in transforming him from the past to the present. His lack of knowledge in the subject matter during his early schooling days made him dormant and a sleeping dog in the classroom. The author, however, rose from setbacks and insecurities as a child to a strong and educated individual. Rodriguez depicts that he was to become an ugly person and had a mentality of viewing himself as ugly. As a child he struggles after the discovery that his dark completion is similar to those of poor in the streets, servants who served at his friend’s houses and various workers of the field. It was because of the education that Rodriguez begins to define himself as a respected person and stops taking into account his skin color. Despite the view from his parents and community that dark is ugly, he is able to see the difference between him and the other people whom he used to compare himself with. The difference was brought about by a change of his attitude, imagination and view of himself. The realization that the inner self is what makes him dawns on him and he determines what he can achieve. After these thoughts, the author realizes that people around him do not picture him as ugly. The change in the mindset of the author culminates the main purpose of the book. It highlights how Rodriguez attain s more confident and better person with a positive view. All these changes are primarily based on education. The theme of education is further rooted in the text as the hero depicts becoming alienated from his family as his desire for education grew. The different phases of Rodriguez life including his early days at the Catholic Church indicate the pain that he was going through as an individual. The most important point to consider is his outright rejection in the staunchest manner. This is why the author criticizes affirmative action. This is expressed in the most candid and vivid ways. However, they do not end as nobody pays attention to what the teacher has to say in the ghetto classroom. Rodriguez rejection is aimed at alleviating racial and ethnic minorities in America. Being engrossed in his educational transition, he views everyone as unable to understand him. Rodriguez argues that he experiences difficulties in separating his classroom life from that of home. The rejection can also be seen as arising from Richard. For example, when his father could not assist him with an assignment , he resolves in doing everything alone henceforth. He seems to forget that his parents had limited education and, therefore, views them as not understanding him (Marquez 1984). The more he quests for education, the more the gap between him and his family widens. From an intellectual point of view, this gap loosens the family and social values that were once held in common. The scholarship betters his life at the expense of his family and culture. The mindset that it offers clearly indicates that this is the central point of the book. The transformation of Rodriguez from a private to a public life can be attributed to the opportunities that most Americans enjoy today. This is from the affirmative action that the author criticizes. He elevates his success as a minority student and illustrates the requirements needed for attaining a successful stature in the American society. It is, however, ironical seeing, the author criticizes the very same thing that enabled him to rise to the public domain (Rivera 1984). Like majority ego-centric individuals, Rodriguez fails to see how the bilingual system has clouded his judgment and philosophy. His criticism is biased a s he speaks with contempt towards the very same nature of the Spanish culture, which he is a part of. The author tries to deny his roots and culture and his social place of America’s minorities. Rodriguez forgets he is part of the minorities that are criticized by him as a result of the success. Despite this, his appreciation of the importance of language is a vivid expression in his work. He, therefore, strives to disassociate himself with the poor class of the uneducated. From Rodriguez point of view, assimilation occurs due to the bilingual system that offered him the chance that hasn’t been prompt to many American minorities. In conclusion, Rodriquez is, however, of the view that education, success and chances that accompanied it, is the root for his alienation from his family, relations and culture. This clearly shows how the book has advanced in the exploration of the theme of education. â€Å"Haunted by the knowledge that one chooses to become a student, education is not an inevitable or natural step in growing up†. The author recounts and regrets how his choice separated him from the life once loved and enjoyed. His view indicates that he would have preferred being in the monolingual system (Sollors 1986). live CHAT

The extent to which the principles of Scientific management are still relevant to modern organizations Essays

The extent to which the principles of Scientific management are still relevant to modern organizations Essays The extent to which the principles of Scientific management are still relevant to modern organizations Paper The extent to which the principles of Scientific management are still relevant to modern organizations Paper Essay Topic: Economics The Man Of Mode At the beginning of the Second World War, Taylorism disappeared and was replaced with another form of work organization: Fordism. Fordism appeared when Ford started producing Model T cars but by basing his production upon Taylorist lines. Scientific management was still used; there was an explicit distinction between management and workforce, each employee had a specific task to do and their task was timed. Fordism seems more closely attached to the production system of modern organizations than Taylorism does, since it includes Taylors ideas but by also introducing new ones, and this is why this essay will be centred on the link between Fordism and todays production system: Toyotism. At the end of the 1980s, Fordism, which had been at the base of economic growth in the country for thirty years, fades away. Changes in demand, rise in the workers strikes the organizations must react and readapt themselves, also in order to face the rise in foreign competition. The Japanese model of organization used since the end of the Second World War, Toyotism, was then adapted in Europe and the USA during the 1980s. But what can we say about this post-fordism twenty years later? The worker, who now sees his work as more interesting, where he has more responsibility and importance, is he now liberated from his constraints? Havent things changed, especially in the tertiary, which had been kept out of scientific management for so many years? And finally, wouldnt it be more specific to talk about neo-fordism rather than Toyotism? We shall see that scientific management is still relevant to modern organizations in a first part, and then shall see that this isnt completely true anymore. In modern organizations, hierarchy is still present. It will probably always be like this, somebody needs to be in charge or else there would be too many conflicts. Hierarchy is one of the three most important points of scientific management, along with the specialisation of the workers task and the timing of this task so as to impose a cadence. What Taylor wanted to show was that the old way of organizing work in the 19th century was too slow, there were too many gaps in the production process and that this led to a very low productivity. Taylor wanted a separation of planning from execution, and this is still the way that it works in the time of Toyotism. Every organization has a manager who will plan the work, see the objectives of the product or service, and then leave it to the workers to fulfil the concept. Nowadays, the hierarchy doesnt only stand out through the fact that there is a manager and that there are workers, but also with sub-divisions. In organizations we now find a managing director general, a manager, a sub-manager, foremen and so on. These all have different tasks, from planning to execution, so this shows that Taylors idea is still used nowadays. Leadership is therefore still present nowadays but it seems to be going through some changes. Alvin Gouldner, in Studies in Leadership, said that traditional authority does not command the respect and ready obedience that it once did. To achieve this obedience it seems like leadership is the step to take. Fred Fielder made a theory on how to be a successful leader. He based it on three interrelated factors: leader-member relationships, task structure and power of the position. The higher these three factors are the better leader you are (Horn: The development of modern management). It seems as if they are taking Taylors idea about hierarchy and developing it. Taylor had realised that to improve the productivity of an organization he had to time the tasks and make sure that they were done in the fastest time possible. This way every worker would produce more of a product per day and the profitability of the organization would also increase. This led to difficulties in the workers lives; they would feel stress and this wouldnt be good for them neither mentally nor physically. This was one of the reasons for the Fordism crisis in the 1980s, the workers contestations led to strikes and managers saw that it was time to change the production system. What the workers were timed by during Fordism was the work chain, parts and pieces would pass on a rolling carpet in front of them and they would have to assemble them so as to be passed on to the next worker. Today the work chain still exists for it has proven to work well although the workers dont benefit from it. In the fordist system organizations didnt wait for the demand for them to produce, because they knew that the demand existed. Organizations produced in vast quantities and stocked the products before they were sold. They therefore needed stocking space, people to look after them, and all of these made supplementary production costs. Nowadays, organizations wait for the demand before they produce. It is for this reason that, for example, if we are buying a car we have to wait a while before we actually receive it. There are no stocks, no papers, and these organizations also want there to be no delays. There is also a research of quality, and all of these factors impose a rhythm on the workers that they must respect, so it comes back to the same timed conditions that there were in Fordism and Taylorism. In both the taylorist and the fordist systems, the worker wasnt qualified, he had one task to do and was taught how to perform this task. This also led to conflicts; the worker felt that he was dispossessed of his knowledge and skills so with the new production system the workers became qualified. They learnt about different working posts, they could move around so as to feel more responsible. But through mechanization and the upgrading of computer systems the worker once again feels dispossessed of his knowledge and skills. Machines start replacing men, all that the worker has to do is to program the machine and it will do the rest. The workers feel that it isnt even worth having the qualifications anymore since they can be trained within a few hours. It isnt only industrial workers that feel this way, but it is also starting to affect the workers in the tertiary sector. In 1974, Harry Braverman wrote a book entitled Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century, which later became known as the Braverman thesis. This is now referred to as the McDonaldization thesis, showing the deskilling of work in fast-foods (Huczynski and Buchanan: Organizational Behaviour: An Introductory Text). The work in fast-foods is standardised, they produce the same hamburgers over and over again, so the work is also very repetitive. The employees are trained within a few hours, and the start at their work post. This reminds us a lot about Taylorism and Fordism; you have one work post and you stay at it. Either you fry the meat, warm the bread or serve the customers. There are other examples in the tertiary, such as the new information technology in banks, which simplifies the work of the workers. In the end they just have to write down some numbers in their computer and it will give them their answer. Cadences also exist in other areas of the tertiary, for example room cleaners in hotels who only have a certain amount of time per room. In Taylorism the motivation used for the workers was a system of economic rewards. These rewards were attributed to a worker when they saw that he was working hard, for example by beating the cadences imposed on him. Today salaries are a lot more individualised, but systems of economic rewards still exist. They are called raises, and they are achieved the same way that they were almost a century ago. It here seems as if we can rather talk about neo-fordism rather than Toyotism or Japanization, but there are other aspects that show that nowadays we use a completely different production system. Under other aspects, we can see that Toyotism is a new production system and that there are differences between it and both Fordism and scientific management. These differences are mainly to do with the workers tasks which expand, the new bottom-up style of working and the new remuneration system. Oliver Sheldon said that there may be a science of costing, of planning, of manufacturing, of dispatching, but there can be no science of cooperation (H. Pollard: Development in management thought), or in other words that in order to make things run smoother on the workers side there were changes to be made. He said this in the 1920s and it wasnt until sixty years later that these changes were made. These changes included task rotation, where the worker would occupy several different posts in order to break the monotony of his work, to make him feel more responsible and to allow him to get a more complete vision of the production process. So as to help the workers cope with their new work tasks the organizations set up education and training for them which once again also allows the workers to feel more important (Noon and Blyton in Organizational Behaviour: An Introductory Text). The work expands to more interesting aspects such as the upgrading of the machinery and the control of the quality. During Taylorism and Fordism the organization was what was called top-down, the orders came from the manager and the worker would have to do with it without having his say. Today this has changed, it is now considered as a bottom-up way of organizing the production. This means that the worker can give his ideas, and he is encouraged to do this through the installation of teams that work together. They have an objective to fulfil but they organise their own work. There is less hierarchical control and the group is responsible for its production. Quality circles are also put into place where groups of volunteers discuss problems and suggestions or solutions. Individual or collective rewards are given out if a suggestion is applied with success. The nature of the organization changed with post-fordism. There were changes in demand, the people now are after different products rather than standardised ones, with a research of quality, and organizations also must look out for foreign competition. During the time of Fordism, the companies tried to compete with each other through the price of their products; nowadays the price isnt the only competition between them, there is also the aspect of quality which is now very important. During Fordism, as soon as there was a fluctuation in the salaries it was generalised, there would be a collective rise in wages. With the passage into post-fordism, the salaries became much more individualised with the return of rewards as in Taylorism, but now not only for good work but also for good suggestions. Toyotism is seen as a new form of work organization, but in relation to Fordism, Taylorism and scientific management, some things havent changed, and this is not always for the best. We can say that post-fordism is fordism which has been humanised in social relations, it allows the worker to participate in the improvement of the production through the quality circles, and gives him more liberty in his work. On the other hand, hierarchy is still present, the working conditions are still poor in some cases, some workers still have very repetitive work and all of this leads to stress and to poorly physical conditions. Toyotism can therefore be described as a sort of neo-fordism as opposed to post-fordism since some of the aspects remain present.

VLSI Technology and Reliability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

VLSI Technology and Reliability - Essay Example Introduction Every day in the word transistors sizes and costs are decreasing while as their speed is increasing. The formation of MOS takes place by superimposing several layers of insulating, conducting and transistor forming materials. The CMOS technology provides two types of transistors namely the n-type transistor and the p-type transistor. Motivation The rapidity with which hardware technology is changing motivated writing of the paper. The main aspect was the reason that the hardware prices are getting cheaper while its quality is improving. History of CMOS The CMOS were invented in 1963 by Frank Wanlass. This technology has been used in every electronically digitally integrated circuit in the modern world. This has been made possible by their operating speed also reduction of size in every subsequent production of CMOS (Thes, 2008). The development in CMOS technology tends to rely on Moore’s law, which stated that, â€Å"an approximate 30% reduction in linear dimensi on and introduction of products with the new technology 2 years after the previous† (Sadan & Current, 2002). Figure 1: The three types of CMOS processing n-well, p-well and twin-well (Baker & Jacob, 2010). SOI (Silicon on Insulator) well fabricator on CMOS It was used in selected discrete and integrated circuits in 1960s. It was developed to be used for space exploration making it used in early satellites and space exploration systems (Colinge, 2010). These devices were fabricated with SOS (silicon on sapphire), but recently they are fabricated with SIMOX (separation by Implanted Oxygen). In recent world, SOI fabricators continue to be researched on due to their use in fabrication of the CMOS’s ICs (Marshall and Natarajan, 2002). Industry players believed by 2006-2008 there would be a huge shift to the fully depleted SOI CMOS would occur. During 2010, it was believed that 10% of the transistors would have been using this technology (Baker & Jacob, 2008). Modern usage of SOI wafer 1. IBM is using it in the high-end RS64-IV â€Å"Istar† PowerPC-AS microprocessor in 2000. 2. The making of AMD microprocessor. 3. Used in play station 3 and Wii. 4. Making of Intel processors. 5. Used in silicon photonic. Advantages of SOI 1. They were resistant to ionization by radiation which would have taken place due to the solar wind radiation in space. 2. It was also preferred due to the robust voltage isolation of IC. 3. Due to its ability to offer perfect transistor count which has led to lower leakage in transistors. This characteristic has led to continue use of SOI even in the modern world. 4. It is also known for faster performance and lower power consumption due to its reduced parasitic drain capacitance. 5. It ensures higher transistor count which ensures tighter transistor packing in devices. This ensure in reducing the size of devices. 6. It is seen to be less complex making it a choice by many to use. 7. The buried oxide plays a role within by off ering thermal insulation in SOI. This insulation has an effect of elevating temperature within the SOI device which modifies the output of the device. 8. There is complete avoidance of the latch up problem. Disadvantages 1. The absence of substrate diodes complicates the protection of input and outputs against the ESD pulses. 2. The SOI technology is believed to be expensive making it not to be widely used in the modern world. This is brought forward by the need of single crystal sapphires. 3. There is a predicament with this technology

Learning Difficulties and Dyslexia Literature review

Learning Difficulties and Dyslexia - Literature review Example For a child with learning difficulty, it becomes hard to understand, learn and communicate when compared to the other children. A learning difficulty may be mild, moderate or rigorous. Few people with mild learning difficulty can speak easily and take care of themselves, but it takes a little longer than usual for them in order to learn new skills. A learning difficulty happens when an individual’s brain development has been affected, either before the birth, during birth or in the early childhood. â€Å"In 1975, Congress enacted the education for All Handicapped Children Act (Public Law 94-142), now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)† (Bradley et al. 2002, p.25).which defines learning difficulties. This Act supports localities and the states to meet the needs of individuals with disabilities and provide them the right to public education. After the passage of this enactment, significant progress has been made in order to protect the rights of individuals with disabilities. Despite the problems associated with disabilities, with suitable academic and cognitive interventions and technology support, the effects of disability can be reduced. Persons with learning difficulties may face exceptional challenges which are often pervasive throughout the life period. On the basis of the type and rigorousness of the disability, current technologies and intervention may be made use of in order to help the person learn strategies that can help overcome their limitations. Dyslexia is a kind of learning difficulty which is â€Å"neurobiological in origin† (Lyon, 2003, p.3). It manifests through difficulties with fluent or accurate word recognition along with poor decoding and spelling abilities. These difficulties mainly result from a shortage in the phonological element of language which is frequently unexpected in connection to other cognitive abilities and the proviso of effective classroom instruction. The other consequenc es include problems of reduced reading experience and problems in reading which may impede the background knowledge and growth of vocabulary. ‘A specific learning difficulty can be defined as: an unexpected and unexplained condition, occurring in a child of average or above average intelligence, characterized by a significant delay in one or more areas of learning’ (Selikowitz, 2012, p.4).   According to Vicki L. Cohen and John Edwin Cohen, students having â€Å"learning disabilities† and trouble in reading can be diagnosed as having dyslexia. â€Å"Such students more often possess phonological reading disabilities and problems in identifying that words can be broken down into phonems and also that letters have sounds. They can also have problems in decoding words and in reading fluently. It is said to be â€Å"neurobiological† in origin since there is disruption of the neural system in the brain’s left hemisphere† (Lyon, 2003, p.2).  "Dyslexia is one of several distinct learning disabilities. It is a specific language -based disorder of constitutional origin characterized by difficulties in single word decoding, usually reflecting insufficient phonological processing† (Lyon, 2003, p.2). These problems in single word decoding are frequently unexpected with respect to age and other academic and cognitive abilities and are not the consequence of sensory impairment or any generalized developmental disability. Dyslexia is evident by variable difficulty with diverse forms of language, often include, along with problems in reading, a noticeable problem with acquiring expertise in writing and