Animal Cruelty Is A Crime Against Humanity - 1246 Words

In order to constitute animal cruelty as a Crime Against Humanity we must prove that society is ignoring the violence towards them despite the research evidence, the government sanctions mass killings of them, and that this type of violence affects humans on a large scale (Plant, Schaik, Gullone, Flynn 2016). Although dispositional factors such as empathy and aggression may influence animal cruelty, we must look at the environmental factors that lead to the negative effects from a macro-level perspective. In this analysis, I will review whether exposure to animal cruelty correlates with future maladaptive behaviors and the damaging effects it may have when perpetrated at a large scale. Part A: Exposure To Animal Cruelty And Its Negative†¦show more content†¦This proposes the idea of how actions of animal maltreatment are similar to actions of child or domestic violence. The second reason stated in the book Child Abuse, Domestic Violence, and Animal Abuse: Linking the Circles of Compassion for Prevention and Intervention, is that â€Å"cowardly acts of aggression against vulnerable members of the family are matters of power and control.† The victims can be of any size, age, gender, or species, it is simply a matter of the opportunity that presents itself (Ascione Arkow 1999). Lastly, the book Child Abuse, Domestic Violence, and Animal Abuse: Linking the Circles of Compassion for Prevention and Intervention, states that any act of aggression or violence within the entire family can put the members of that family at risk. The dangers of this violence may also reach out as far as the community and its children (Ascione Arkow 1999). An example of animal exploitation spilling over to other forms of violence is the relationship between animal violence and intimate partner violence. In a study done in April 2007, researchers asked both battered and non-battered women to report whether their partner had any history of abusing their pets at home. The women living in the domestic violence shelter were nearly 11 times more likely to report that their partner had hurt or killed pets than the group of non-battered women (Ascione, Weber, Thompson, Heath, Maruyama 2016). They also found that for the group of batteredShow MoreRelatedThe Link between Animal Cruelty and Society1041 Words   |  4 PagesThe Link between Animal Cruelty and Society â€Å"The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but Can they suffer?† ― Jeremy Bentham, The Principles of Morals and Legislation. As a society we have come to see animal cruelty as a heinous crime, and that’s great progress. However, not everyone is following the notion. Animal cruelty is still very prevalent, and sadly its abhorrent results are often neglected and overlooked. Although it isn’t always to the same extent of atrocious consequencesRead MoreThe Harsh Reality Of Animal Cruelty1512 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 12 CP 2 May 2016 The Harsh Reality of Animal Cruelty Humanity would not be what it is today if it were not for animals. Humans beings owe a great deal to animals, not only have they been a source of food and clothing, in addition animals have been used more for medical experiments. For thousands of years, they have served as a labor force, pulling wagons, plows, chariots, and early fire engines (Marzilli). Humans have taken advantage of animals and used them for selfish reasons and are beingRead MoreKant s Categorical Imperative Of Universal Laws And Humanity1440 Words   |  6 PagesKant’s Categorical Imperative of Universal Laws and Humanity People have an intrinsic worth above mere things or possessions. In order for people to cohabitate peacefully and respectively, there’s a need for universal laws based on good will and absolute moral beliefs. It is this moral belief which is based on reason and must be uniformly abided by. This allows humanity to function as an amicable society; an amicable society that is achieved by treating ourselves and others with respect andRead MoreIs Animal Testing Essential For Humanity?1468 Words   |  6 Pages2015 Period 3 Ene/European Literature Is Animal Testing Essential for Humanity? Around the world, animal testing has been a controversy for many years. In the cosmetic and medical industry, doctors claim that animal testing is essential for life and solves many issues. Although animal testing may have helped the cosmetics industry and has provided opportunities, this form of experimenting has not been imperative to humanity. Even though animal testing has been helpful, it is no longer necessaryRead MoreAnalysis Of Elie Wiesels Night933 Words   |  4 Pagesand dogs, making them follow any command, any disobeying of these demands would consequence them to be shot without hesitation. These dehumanizing crimes were the punishments forced on the Jewish race by the Nazi influence, turning Jewish nationality into a nuisance against what they believed. One of these unique dehumanizing crimes committed against the Jewish persuasion, included making the Jewish people dig trenches, which would eventually become their deathbed and discarding the infants by throwingRead MoreThe Horrible And Gruesome Events Of The Holocaust933 Words   |  4 Pagesand dogs, making them follow any command, any disobeying of these demands would consequence them to be shot without hesitation. These dehumanizing crimes were the punishments forced on the Jewish race by the Nazi influence, turning Jewish nationality into a nuisance against what they believed. One of these unique dehumanizing crimes committed against the Jewish persuasion, included making the Jewish people dig trenches, which would eventually become their deathbed and discarding the infants by throwingRead MoreThe Holocaust Of The World On The Topic Of Humanity991 Words   |  4 PagesThe Holocaust educated the world on the topic of humanity. It answered the question of just how far a human would be willing to go. It was one of the most atrocious points in history. Victims were being exterminated like insects. Other people were turning into monsters, blind to the innocent humans that they were throwing in mass graves. If the Holocaust had never happened, people would say that human cruelty was only a side effect of the primitive lifestyle humans were living prior to industrializationRead MoreA Hanging By George Orwell1141 Words   |  5 Pages1922 to 1927 to convey his argument against capital punishment. Orwell as an officer of the law is sworn to enforce the laws of th e state, even if he disagrees with them morally. Orwell wrote â€Å"A Hanging† using an event he acted in to describe his point on why capital punishment is a crime against nature. Although as a police man he could not oppose the law, his story â€Å"A Hanging†, Orwell shows his opposition through many symbolic forms. Like Orwell I too am against capital punishment, by writing â€Å"ARead MoreEssay on Informative Speech Outline: Animal Cruelty1987 Words   |  8 PagesMillions of animals are abused each year. Over a million of these animals are abused or killed just due to the involvement with domestic violence. Despite animal cruelty being a felony which can result in jail time for over 15 years and 500,000 dollars in fines, it is still an issue which occurs on a daily basis across the United States. It is important for these animals to not go unnoticed, which can be achieved if society became more enlightened and educated on the topic of animal cruelty. (PacelleRea d MoreEssay on Ch 4 Notes Crim 260 Serial Killers1192 Words   |  5 Pagesthe other of the benefit of humanity leading to the ultimate step of removing the other person’s opportunity to live. (p.113) EGO-DYSTONIC HOMICIDE: An altered state of consciousness whereby the individual is faced with a psychologically unresolvable conflict, which then results in a split between the psychic structure of the personality and the rest of the personality. (p.138) MACDONALD TRIAD: A triad of maladaptive behaviors that include animal cruelty, fire-setting, and enuresis

Neuroendocrine Tumors - 2299 Words

Carcinoid tumors are a subset of neuroendocrine tumors and overall incidence of carcinoids in the United States is estimated at 5.25 cases per 100,000 population. The majority of carcinoid tumors arise within the gastrointestinal tract (58%), with the pulmonary system as the next most common site of origin (27%). The remainder (15%) arises from other or unknown locations1. Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors comprise a spectrum of tumors including low grade neuroendocrine tumors (typical carcinoids), intermediate grade neuroendocrine tumors (atypical carcinoids) and high grade neuroendocrine tumors (large cell neuroendocrine and small cell carcinomas). Carcinoid tumors comprise about 0.5 to 5% of all lung tumors and are malignant tumors with the potential to metastasize.2-4 Typical carcinoids comprise about 90% of all pulmonary carcinoids and show a high degree of differentiation, rare mitoses (3 mitotic figures/10 hpf), scarce pleomorphism or necrosis. The remaining 10% are atypical carcinoids, which are characterized by increased mitotic activity (3 but 10 mitoses/ 10 hpf, cellular atypia and increased pleomorphism or necrosis. Atypical carcinoids tend to have a higher rate of metastasis and are larger at the time of diagnosis.4 Specimens with 10 mitoses/10 hpf are either small cell or large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas. Of these features, it has been shown that only the number of mitoses is a predictor for prognosis.5 There is no known association between typicalShow MoreRelatedPrimary Atypical Carcinoid Tumor of the Liver: A Case Report553 Words   |  2 PagesINTRODUCTION Incidence of carcinoid tumor is between 55% and 30% in the digestive system and respiratory system. Most commonly carcinoid tumor are seen in the small intestine (45%) in digestive system. Frequency of carcinoid is followed as rectum (20%), appendix (17%), Colon (11%) and stomach (7%) [1]. Primary carcinoid tumor of the liver is not a common disease. Primary carcinoid usually reaches a large size at the time of diagnosis [2]. Carcinoid tumors classified typical and atypical accordingRead MoreDiscussion Medullary thyroid cancer is an indolent neuroendocrine tumor that frequently presents500 Words   |  2 PagesDiscussion Medullary thyroid cancer is an indolent neuroendocrine tumor that frequently presents with disseminated disease. While locally advanced tumor in the neck and mediastinum can be treated with surgery either for palliative or curative intent, distant metastases are not often amenable to operative excision. Metastatic MTC has a similarly poor response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Viable therapeutic options for distant metastatic disease are still absent. Survival rate after discoveryRead MoreThe Cell Carcinoma ( Mcc )1110 Words   |  5 PagesMERKEL CELL CARCINOMA INTRODUCTION Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive, yet rare type of skin cancer which is associated with a very poor prognosis [1]. The tumor is neuroendocrine and originates from the Merkel cells. ‘Tastzellen’, or touch cells, in the skin which were first described by Friedrich Sigmund Merkel in 1875 [2]. These cells were later renamed as Merkel cells. They are oval shaped receptor cells found in the basal layer of the epidermis of vertebrates. They possess synapticRead MoreAcute Onset Of Refractory Hypertension1270 Words   |  6 Pagesotherwise young, healthy patient should immediately raise suspicion for secondary (non-idiopathic) etiologies. This case represents a scenario of secondary hypertension due to Cushing’s syndrome stemming from an ectopic ACTH-producing bronchial carcinoid tumor in a young, active duty sailor. PATIENT PRESENTATION: A 23 year-old otherwise healthy African American active duty male admitted directly from Endocrinology clinic for expedited work-up of suspected Cushing’s syndrome. Patient had been treatedRead MoreCushing s Syndrome : Whole Body Impairment1468 Words   |  6 Pages Cushing s syndrome (CS) is characterized by pathologically elevated free glucocorticoid levels. Endogenous hypercortisolism is usually due to ACTH-secreting pituitary corticotropic adenomas and less often due to ectopic ACTH-secreting neuroendocrine neoplasms or ACTH-independent adrenal cortisol hypersecretion (Yaneva, 2010). Cushing s disease occurs infrequently in an inherited setting in both of these conditions (Yaneva, 2010). There are many tell-tale signs a person will present thatRead MoreCauses And Treatment Of Pancreatic Cancer1573 Words   |  7 Pagespancreatitis. The chronic form can devastate and debilitate the patient this form is at higher risk of pancreatic cancer. The mode of transmission is abnormal cells start to multiply and reproduce and collect creating a tumor or a mast. The detection and treatment of these tumors can be difficult as medical imaging such as x-rays, sonograms and MRI’s don’t always give an adequate depiction of the cancer the best way to see the pancreas is through surgery. There are over 100 kinds of Cancer, theRead MoreThe Anatomy Of The Lungs926 Words   |  4 Pagesalso being evaluated. Loss of the tumor suppressor gene such as p53 in the cell will lead to the cell being unable to recognize DNA damage and continue to survive with errors in the repaired DNA, leading to further point mutations. For SCLC it is mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which promotes the stimulation/signaling of new vascular growth. Further development leads into a carcinoma derived from endodermal and ectodermal tissue. As the tumor continues to grow, it may alsoRead Morelung cancer927 Words   |  4 Pagesand air pollution including second-hand smoke So the people that are affected need to be educated regarding the health issues around the use of tobacco. There are three main types of lung cancer known as non small cell, small cell, lung carcinoid tumor. Non Small Cell Lung Cancer is the most common type of lung cancer. There are about 85% of lung cancers that are non-small cell lung cancers. Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma are all subtypes of non-small cell lungRead MoreA Walnut Sized Organ1077 Words   |  5 Pagesbladder outlet. Prostate cancer usually shows up in the transitional zone. Prostate cancer is where the cells in the prostate gland start to grow uncontrollably. Main Text: Most of the prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas which is a malignant tumor in the epithelial tissue from the glandular structure that forms in mucus-secreting glands throughout the body. Prostate cancer makes up 99% of all prostate cancers (Cancer Center). Some prostate cancers are rare to get and anytime someone gets prostateRead MoreSeneca Valley Virus : Past Perspectives And Future Directions Essay1970 Words   |  8 PagesOncolytic Seneca Valley Virus: past perspectives and future directions This article covers the Seneca Valley Virus (SVV-001) as a hopeful for an oncolytic treatment of certain cancer types. More specifically those with neuroendocrine properties such as rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms tumor, glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, and adult small-cell lung cancer. Each of which effect smooth/skeletal muscle cells, kidneys/adrenal glands (mainly in children), astrocytes of the brain, nerve cells of a fetus, and lung cells

Quality Assurance Question Bank Free Essays

string(86) " all the details of the project and have undergone â€Å"walkthrough† process\." Question bank Q1. Why software needs to be tested? Ans. Every software product needs to be tested since; the development process is unable to produce defect free software. We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Assurance Question Bank or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even if the development process is able to produce defect free software, we will not be able to know unless until we test it. Without testing it, we shall not be having enough confidence that it will work. Testing not only identifies and reports defect but also measures the quality of the product, which helps to decide whether to release the product, or not. Q2. What is the reason that Software has Bugs? Ans. Following factors contribute to the presence of bugs in the software applications:- a. Software development tools like visual tools, class libraries, compilers, scripting tools, etc. usually introduce their own bugs in the system. b. To err is human. Likewise programmers do make mistakes while programming c. In fast-changing business environments continuously modified requirements are becoming a fact of life. Such frequent changes requested by the customer leads to errors in the application already nearing completion. Last minute design changes leads to many chaos like redesign of the whole system, rescheduling of engineers, scrapping of the work already completed, fresh requirements of compatible hardware etc d. A quickly written but poorly documented code is bound to have bugs. It becomes difficult to maintain and modify such code that is badly written or poorly documented. – its tough to maintain and modify code that is badly written or poorly documented; the result is bugs. In many organizations management provides no incentive for programmers to document their code or write clear, understandable, maintainable code. In fact, it’s usually the opposite: they get points mostly for quickly turning out code, and there as jobs security if nobody else can understand it (if it was hard to write, it should be hard to read). e. When project deadlines come too close time pressures come, mistakes are bound to come Q3. What is the difference between QA and Testing? Ans. QA stands for â€Å"Quality Assurance†, and focuses on â€Å"Prevention† of defects in the product being developed. It is associated with the â€Å"Process† and activities related to the Process Improvement. Quality Assurance measures the quality of the processes employed to create a quality product. Whereas â€Å"Testing† refers to â€Å"Quality Control†, and focuses on Detection of Defect and removal thereafter. Or Quality Control measures the quality of a product. Q4. What is the difference between Software Testing and Debugging? Ans. Testing is the process of locating or identifying the errors or bugs in a software system. Whereas Debugging is the process of Fixing the identified Bugs. It involves a process of analyzing and rectifying the syntax errors, logic errors and all other types of errors identified during the process of testing. Q5. What is the difference between a Bug and a Defect? Ans. â€Å"Bug† is a problem or an error in the software code, which is found in the application during Testing. Bug is responsible for failure of the application to comply with the desired specifications. Whereas â€Å"Defect† is problem reported by the customer during usage of the software application. Q6. What is the difference between a Bug and an Enhancement? Ans. â€Å"Bug† is a problem or an error in the software code, which is found in the application during Testing. Bug is responsible for failure of the application to comply with the desired specifications. Whereas â€Å"Enhancement† is the additional feature or functionality found and added to the application as desired by the end user / real word customer or tester during the testing process. Q7. What is the difference between Requirements Specifications? Ans. â€Å"Requirements† are statements given by the customer as to what needs to be achieved by the software system. Later on these requirements are converted into specifications which are nothing but feasible or implementable requirements. Whereas â€Å"Specifications† are feasible requirements derived from various statements given by the customer. These are the starting point for the product development team. Q8. What is the difference between Verification and Validation? Ans. â€Å"Verification† involves reviews and meetings to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements, and specifications to confirm whether items, processes, services, or documents conform to specified requirements or not. This can be done with the help of checklists, issues lists, walkthroughs, and inspection meetings. The purpose f verification is to determine whether the products of a given phase of the software development cycle fulfill the requirements established during the previous phase or not. Whereas â€Å"Validation† is the determination of the correctness of the final program or software product produced from a development project with respect to the user needs and requirements. This involves actual testing of the product and takes place after verifications are completed. â€Å"Software Verification† raises the question, â€Å"Are we building the Product Right? † that is, does the software conform to its specification. Software Validation† raises the question, â€Å"Are we building the Right Product? † that is, the software doing what the user really requires. Q9. What is difference between Waterfall Model and V Model? Ans. â€Å"Waterfall Model† Is a sequential software development model (a process for the creation of software) in which development is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall)through the phases of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing (validation),integration, and maintenance. To follow the waterfall model, we proceed from one phase to the next in a purely sequential manner. In traditional waterfall model, testing comes at the far end of the development process. Whereas â€Å"V Model† or â€Å"Life Cycle Testing† involves carrying out verification of consistency, completeness and correctness of software at every stage of the development life cycle. It aims at catching the defects as early as possible and thus reduces the cost of fixing them. It involves continuously testing the system during all stages of the development process rather than just limiting testing to the last stage. Q10. What are Baseline Documents? Ans. Baseline documents are the documents, which have been approved by the customer and will not have any more changes. Baseline Documents cover all the details of the project and have undergone â€Å"walkthrough† process. You read "Quality Assurance Question Bank" in category "Essay examples" Once a document is Base-lined it cannot be changed unless there is a change request duly approved by the customer. Service Level Agreement (SLA) Business Requirement Documents (BRD) are the examples of Baseline Documents. Q11. What is Defect Density? Ans. â€Å"Defect Density† Is a software metric defined as: Total number of defects per LOC (lines of code). Alternatively it can be: Total number of defects per Size of the Project. Here the measure of â€Å"Size of the Project† can be number of Function Points, Number of Feature Points, number of Use Cases or KLOC (Kilo Lines of Code) etc. Q12. What is Quality? Ans. Quality software is software that is reasonably bug-free, delivered on time and within budget, meets requirements and expectations and is maintainable. However, quality is a subjective term. Quality depends on who the customer is and their overall influence in the scheme of things. Customers of a software development project include end-users, customer acceptance test engineers, testers, customer contract officers, customer management, the development organization’s management, test engineers, testers, salespeople, software engineers, stockholders and accountants. Each type of customer will have his or her own slant on quality. The accounting department might define quality in terms of profits, while an end- user might define quality as user friendly and bug free. Q13. What is an Inspection? Ans. An inspection is a formal meeting, more formalized than a walkthrough and typically consists of 3-10 people including a moderator, reader (the author of whatever is being reviewed) and a recorder (to make notes in the document). The subject of the inspection is typically a document, such as a requirements document or a test plan. The purpose of an inspection is to find problems and see what is missing, not to fix anything. The result of the meeting is documented in a written report. Attendees should prepare for this type of meeting by reading through the document, before the meeting starts; most problems are found during this preparation. Preparation for inspections is difficult, but is one of the most cost-effective methods of ensuring quality, since bug prevention is more cost effective than bug detection. A14. What is Six Sigma? Ans. â€Å"Six Sigma† means Six Standard Deviations from the mean. It is a methodology aimed to reduce defect levels below 3. 4 Defects Per one Million Opportunities. Six Sigma approach improves the process performance, decreases variation and maintains consistent quality of the process output. This leads to defect reduction and improvement in profits, product quality and customer satisfaction. Q15. What is difference between CMM and CMMI? Ans. â€Å"CMM† means â€Å"Capability Maturity Model† developed by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI). It is a process capability maturity model, which aids in the definition and understanding of an organization’s processes. CMM is intended as a tool for objectively assessing the ability of government contractors’ processes to perform a contracted software project. Whereas â€Å"CMMI† means â€Å"Capability Maturity Model Integration† it has superseded CMM. The old CMM has been renamed to Software Engineering CMM (SE-CMM). Q16. What is Verification? Ans. Verification ensures the product is designed to deliver all functionality to the customer; it typically involves reviews and meetings to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements and specifications; this can be done with checklists, issues lists, walkthroughs and inspection meetings. Q17. What is Validation? Ans. Validation ensures that functionality, as defined in requirements, is the intended behavior of the product; validation typically involves actual testing and takes place after verifications are completed. Q18. What is a Test Plan? Ans. A software project test plan is a document that describes the objectives, scope, approach and focus of a software testing effort. The process of preparing a test plan is a useful way to think through the efforts needed to validate the acceptability of a software product. The completed document will help people outside the test group understand the why and how of product validation. It should be thorough enough to be useful, but not so thorough that none outside the test group will be able to read it. Q19. What is a Walkthrough? Ans. A walkthrough is an informal meeting for evaluation or informational purposes. A walkthrough is also a process at an abstract level. It’s the process of inspecting software code by following paths through the code (as determined by input conditions and choices made along the way). The purpose of code walkthroughs is to ensure the code fits the purpose. Walkthroughs also offer opportunities to assess an individual’s or team’s competency. Q20. What is Software Life Cycle? Ans. Software life cycle begins when a software product is first conceived and ends when it is no longer in use. It includes phases like initial concept, requirements analysis, functional design, internal design, documentation planning, test planning, coding, document preparation, integration, testing, maintenance, updates, re-testing and phase-ou Q21. What is the Difference between STLC SDLC? Ans. STLC means † Software Testing Life Cycle†. It starts with activities like : 1) Preparation of Requirements Document 2) Preparation of Test Plan 3) Preparation of Test Cases 4) Execution of Test Cases 5) Analysis of Bugs 6) Reporting of Bugs 7) Tracking of Bugs till closure. Whereas SDLC means † Software Development Life Cycle† is a software development process, used by a systems analyst to develop an information system. It starts with activities like : 1) Project Initiation 2) Requirement Gathering and Documenting 3) Designing 4) Coding and Unit Testing 5) Integration Testing 6) System Testing 7) Installation and Acceptance Testing 8) Support or Maintenance Q22. What is the Difference between Project and Product Testing? Ans. If any organization is developing the application according to the client specification then it is called as project. Accordingly its testing is known as â€Å"Project Testing† Whereas If any organization is developing the application and marketing it is called as product. Hence its testing is known as â€Å"Product Testing† Q23. How do you introduce a new software QA process? Ans. It depends on the size of the organization and the risks involved. For large organizations with high-risk projects, a serious management buy-in is required and a formalized QA process is necessary. For medium size organizations with lower risk projects, management and organizational buy-in and a slower, step-by-step process is required. Generally speaking, QA processes should be balanced with productivity, in order to keep any bureaucracy from getting out of hand. For smaller groups or projects, an ad-hoc process is more appropriate. A lot depends on team leads and managers, feedback to developers and good communication is essential among customers, managers, developers, test engineers and testers. Regardless the size of the company, the greatest value for effort is in managing requirement processes, where the goal is requirements that are clear, complete and testable. Q24. What is configuration Management? Ans. Configuration Management (or CM) is the processes of controlling, coordinating and tracking the Standards and procedures for managing changes in an evolving software product. Configuration Testing is the process of checking the operation of the software being tested on various types of hardware. Q25. What is the role of QA in a software producing company? Ans. QA is responsible for managing, implementing, maintaining and continuously improving the Processes in the Company and enable internal projects towards process maturity and facilitate process improvements and innovations in the organization. Tester is responsible for carrying out the testing efforts in the company. In many companies QA person is responsible both the roles of Testing as well as creating and improving the processes. Q26. What is Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)? Ans. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis is a systematic approach to risk identification and analysis of identifying possible modes of failure and attempting to prevent their occurrence. Q27. What is Test Maturity Model or TMM? Ans. Test Maturity Model or TMM is a five level staged framework for test process improvement, related to the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) that describes the key elements of an effective test process. Q28. What is the difference between API ABI? Ans. Application Programming Interface (API) is a formalized set of software calls and routines that can be referenced by an application program in order to access supporting system or network services. Whereas Application Binary Interface (ABI) is a specification defining requirements for portability of applications in binary forms across different system platforms and environments. Q29. What is I V V? Ans. I V V means Independent Verification and Validation. Verification typically involves reviews and meetings to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements, and specifications. Verification can be done with the help of checklists, issues lists, walkthroughs, and inspection meetings. Whereas Validation typically involves actual testing and takes place after verifications are completed. Q30. What are the benefits of Software Validation? Ans. Software validation is an important tool employed to assure the quality of the software products. Few benefits are as under: 1) It increases the usability and reliability of the device software, resulting in reduced failure rates, less recalls and corrective actions, less liability to device manufacturers. 2) It reduces the long term costs by making it easier and less costly to reliably modify software and revalidate software changes. 3) It helps to reduce the long-term cost of software by reducing the cost of validation for each subsequent release of the software. Q31. What is the role of Design Reviews in Software Development Life Cycle? Ans. Design review is a primary tool for managing and evaluating software development projects. Design reviews allow management to confirm that all goals defined in the software validation plan have been achieved. Formal design reviews are more structured and include participation from others outside the development team. Design reviews are documented, comprehensive, and systematic examinations of a design to evaluate the adequacy of the design requirements, to evaluate the capability of the design to meet these requirements, and to identify problems. Design reviews include examination of development plans, requirements specifications, design specifications, testing plans and procedures, all other documents and activities associated with the project. Q32. What is the need of Software Validation after a change? Ans. When any change even a small one is made to the software, following activities need to be performed: 1) Re-establishment of the validation status of the software. 2) Conducting necessary validation analysis – not for the sake of validation of the individual change, but o to know the effect of the change on the entire software system. ) Conducting suitable level of regression testing to show that unchanged but vulnerable portions of the system have not been adversely affected. Regression testing is meant to provide a confidence that the software has been validated after the change. Q33. How would you convince upper management that company needs a formal QA testing team? How would you explain that Software quality would not improve if the company get rid of QA team? Ans. Developing amazing applications isn’t the same as testing them, ut a experienced QA tester, I would rather have a developers testing application than the testers who can just plainly submit bug reports. QA team needs to build quality into software development life cycle. The bug in software design is 15times cheaper than a bug in code. QA productivity is really hard to measure. If QA team is doing testing right, , everything just happens smoothly, but if testers mess up even a little, everyone knows about it. To be successful, QA team must create test plans, create test harnesses, create test cases and use testing tools. QA should ensure whether the application code is effectively delivering on the business requirements provided. The developers should unit test their own code and deliver ‘perfectly good code’ , while QA testers should deliver ‘code that actually addresses business needs’. For a company that make software applications, a rock-solid QA department is absolutely irreplaceable. Q34. WhatQuality Assurance and Quality Control activities are done differently for COTS / GOTS project than for a traditional custom development project? | Ans. The activities themselves are broadly the same, but with different stakeholders, and different detailed procedures for verification and validation. Often the challenge for SQA is to pin down the ownership of the requirements, which may be represented by a complex debate between marketing departments, technical eggheads, user groups, customer focus groups and other interested parties. | | Q35. What in your opinion is the role of SQA personnel with respect to inspections or testing? | Ans. Formally, the role is to make the inspection process or testing process visible, both to the participants (so they can see what they are achieving, how effective they are being) and to management (so that they can assess progress and risk). In practice, SQA personnel often need to act as facilitators or coaches. They are often regarded (wrongly) as the owners or custodians of the inspection or testing process, or even as the owners/custodians of the whole software process. Part of the training and mentoring for SQA personnel should address the difficult dilemma of how to be adequately engaged in the software process without being landed with the responsibility for it. | | Q36. What are the most likely quality consequences of choosing an inappropriate life cycle model for a software project? | Ans. The most likely consequence is that the project will not deliver anything at all. Not because the lifecycle couldn? t be made to work technically, but because it will fail to contain the political tensions between stakeholders. | | Q37. What in your opinion, are the most important changes that occurred in the role of Software Quality Assurance during the last 5 to 10 years? Ho| Ans. rowing awareness and importance of public domain models such as SEI SW CMM, BOOTSTRAP and SPICE. Changing nature of software development, especially model-based development (CASE) and component-based development (CBD). Growing need to connect software of different ages and sources. Software projects not pure software development, but including maintenance, package selection and implementation, and other software activities. (Perhaps software projects never were pure development, but such topics as project management, quality management and configuration management used to be taught as if they were. )   Faced with these changes, SQA needs to be both reductionist (giving close attention to the quality of components from various sources) and holistic (giving broad attention to the emergent properties of the whole assembled system, in terms of its overall fit to business requirements). As I see it, the mandate of SQA is to make defects in software products and processes visible to management. SQA fits into a context of software quality management where this visibility leads to corrective and preventative action (not itself part of SQA), and to general software process improvement. | Q38. Someone complains that during system testing the application often crashes. What likely process problem does that indicate? | Ans. Systematic failure to carry out proper unit testing. OR inconsistency between the development/unit test environment and the system test environment. AND ALSO management failure to respond promptly to the situation with corrective and preventative action. | | Q39. What exposure have you had to auditing? Internal? External? Certification related? | Ans. I have been trained as a lead assessor for ISO 9000 and also as an examiner for the European Quality Award. I have conducted internal audits and informal external assessments but not formal external audits. I have advised organizations on steps towards certification. | Q40. What in your opinion are the most significant fundamental differences between SEI SW-CMM and ISO 9000-3? | Ans. The main difference is what the two models tell you. ISO 9000-3 gives you a yes/no answer, whereas SEI SW-CMM gives you a more complex assessment. This implies different ways of using the models for SQA and process improvement. | 1. Difference is ISO is a standard and CMMI is a model with framework. 2. Other one is Specific practices should be determinded in ISO and where as CMMI model having predefined useful specific and general practices. | Q41. In your experience, who are the most important allies of SQA within an organization? | Ans. SQA is a form of risk awareness, and is therefore potentially allied to any senior management with a risk management focus. Within some companies/industries (e. g. insurance), software risks are seen as having mainly financial consequences, and so the main ally might be the financial director. Within other companies/industries (e. g. retail), software risks are seen as having mainly customer service implications, and so the main allies may be in marketing roles. In one client, we had useful conversations with the Company Secretariat, because of the due diligence implications of some software risks. These conversations were triggered by Y2K issues, but ranged much more widely. In practice, SQA often fails to make these alliances, because it gets bogged down in obscure software technicalities and trivialities, which it is incapable of communicating effectively even to software engineers, let alone anybody else. | Q42. A company recruits its first and only SQA â€Å"specialist†. The person is new to the area. The company is relatively young, operates in a competitive commercial domain and has no previous SQA presence. The SQA specialist feels he needs to show some results during the next 6 to 9 months. What advice will you give him? | Ans. Start with a risk assessment, to identify the significant software risks and their business implications. Identify managers directly affected by these implications, who may be recruited as allies. Select a small number of issues to address in the initial phase. Try to include some quick wins, as well as some improvements that could be achieved within 3-6 months. Don? t try to do everything at once. At this stage, use whichever model you prefer (ISO 9000-3 or TickIT or SW-CMM or SPICE) merely as a framework, so that you know how what you? re doing fits into a larger picture. | Q43. What advice would you give to someone who asked you where to start to introduce to their company a metrics and quality reporting program? | Ans. Use the GQM approach to derive relevant metrics from personal and corporate goals. Select a small number of key metrics that will be directly relevant to project managers and/or software engineers. Put the metrics into the hands of the workers, as a tool for personal performance improvement. | | | | Q44. What is Total Quality Management? Ans. A company commitment to develop a process that achieves high quality product and customer satisfaction. Q45. What is Quality Circle? Ans. A group of individuals with related interests that meet at regular intervals to consider problems or other matters related to the quality of outputs of a process and to the correction of problems or to the improvement of quality. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | How to cite Quality Assurance Question Bank, Essay examples Quality Assurance Question Bank Free Essays string(86) " all the details of the project and have undergone â€Å"walkthrough† process\." Question bank Q1. Why software needs to be tested? Ans. Every software product needs to be tested since; the development process is unable to produce defect free software. We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Assurance Question Bank or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even if the development process is able to produce defect free software, we will not be able to know unless until we test it. Without testing it, we shall not be having enough confidence that it will work. Testing not only identifies and reports defect but also measures the quality of the product, which helps to decide whether to release the product, or not. Q2. What is the reason that Software has Bugs? Ans. Following factors contribute to the presence of bugs in the software applications:- a. Software development tools like visual tools, class libraries, compilers, scripting tools, etc. usually introduce their own bugs in the system. b. To err is human. Likewise programmers do make mistakes while programming c. In fast-changing business environments continuously modified requirements are becoming a fact of life. Such frequent changes requested by the customer leads to errors in the application already nearing completion. Last minute design changes leads to many chaos like redesign of the whole system, rescheduling of engineers, scrapping of the work already completed, fresh requirements of compatible hardware etc d. A quickly written but poorly documented code is bound to have bugs. It becomes difficult to maintain and modify such code that is badly written or poorly documented. – its tough to maintain and modify code that is badly written or poorly documented; the result is bugs. In many organizations management provides no incentive for programmers to document their code or write clear, understandable, maintainable code. In fact, it’s usually the opposite: they get points mostly for quickly turning out code, and there as jobs security if nobody else can understand it (if it was hard to write, it should be hard to read). e. When project deadlines come too close time pressures come, mistakes are bound to come Q3. What is the difference between QA and Testing? Ans. QA stands for â€Å"Quality Assurance†, and focuses on â€Å"Prevention† of defects in the product being developed. It is associated with the â€Å"Process† and activities related to the Process Improvement. Quality Assurance measures the quality of the processes employed to create a quality product. Whereas â€Å"Testing† refers to â€Å"Quality Control†, and focuses on Detection of Defect and removal thereafter. Or Quality Control measures the quality of a product. Q4. What is the difference between Software Testing and Debugging? Ans. Testing is the process of locating or identifying the errors or bugs in a software system. Whereas Debugging is the process of Fixing the identified Bugs. It involves a process of analyzing and rectifying the syntax errors, logic errors and all other types of errors identified during the process of testing. Q5. What is the difference between a Bug and a Defect? Ans. â€Å"Bug† is a problem or an error in the software code, which is found in the application during Testing. Bug is responsible for failure of the application to comply with the desired specifications. Whereas â€Å"Defect† is problem reported by the customer during usage of the software application. Q6. What is the difference between a Bug and an Enhancement? Ans. â€Å"Bug† is a problem or an error in the software code, which is found in the application during Testing. Bug is responsible for failure of the application to comply with the desired specifications. Whereas â€Å"Enhancement† is the additional feature or functionality found and added to the application as desired by the end user / real word customer or tester during the testing process. Q7. What is the difference between Requirements Specifications? Ans. â€Å"Requirements† are statements given by the customer as to what needs to be achieved by the software system. Later on these requirements are converted into specifications which are nothing but feasible or implementable requirements. Whereas â€Å"Specifications† are feasible requirements derived from various statements given by the customer. These are the starting point for the product development team. Q8. What is the difference between Verification and Validation? Ans. â€Å"Verification† involves reviews and meetings to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements, and specifications to confirm whether items, processes, services, or documents conform to specified requirements or not. This can be done with the help of checklists, issues lists, walkthroughs, and inspection meetings. The purpose f verification is to determine whether the products of a given phase of the software development cycle fulfill the requirements established during the previous phase or not. Whereas â€Å"Validation† is the determination of the correctness of the final program or software product produced from a development project with respect to the user needs and requirements. This involves actual testing of the product and takes place after verifications are completed. â€Å"Software Verification† raises the question, â€Å"Are we building the Product Right? † that is, does the software conform to its specification. Software Validation† raises the question, â€Å"Are we building the Right Product? † that is, the software doing what the user really requires. Q9. What is difference between Waterfall Model and V Model? Ans. â€Å"Waterfall Model† Is a sequential software development model (a process for the creation of software) in which development is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall)through the phases of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing (validation),integration, and maintenance. To follow the waterfall model, we proceed from one phase to the next in a purely sequential manner. In traditional waterfall model, testing comes at the far end of the development process. Whereas â€Å"V Model† or â€Å"Life Cycle Testing† involves carrying out verification of consistency, completeness and correctness of software at every stage of the development life cycle. It aims at catching the defects as early as possible and thus reduces the cost of fixing them. It involves continuously testing the system during all stages of the development process rather than just limiting testing to the last stage. Q10. What are Baseline Documents? Ans. Baseline documents are the documents, which have been approved by the customer and will not have any more changes. Baseline Documents cover all the details of the project and have undergone â€Å"walkthrough† process. You read "Quality Assurance Question Bank" in category "Papers" Once a document is Base-lined it cannot be changed unless there is a change request duly approved by the customer. Service Level Agreement (SLA) Business Requirement Documents (BRD) are the examples of Baseline Documents. Q11. What is Defect Density? Ans. â€Å"Defect Density† Is a software metric defined as: Total number of defects per LOC (lines of code). Alternatively it can be: Total number of defects per Size of the Project. Here the measure of â€Å"Size of the Project† can be number of Function Points, Number of Feature Points, number of Use Cases or KLOC (Kilo Lines of Code) etc. Q12. What is Quality? Ans. Quality software is software that is reasonably bug-free, delivered on time and within budget, meets requirements and expectations and is maintainable. However, quality is a subjective term. Quality depends on who the customer is and their overall influence in the scheme of things. Customers of a software development project include end-users, customer acceptance test engineers, testers, customer contract officers, customer management, the development organization’s management, test engineers, testers, salespeople, software engineers, stockholders and accountants. Each type of customer will have his or her own slant on quality. The accounting department might define quality in terms of profits, while an end- user might define quality as user friendly and bug free. Q13. What is an Inspection? Ans. An inspection is a formal meeting, more formalized than a walkthrough and typically consists of 3-10 people including a moderator, reader (the author of whatever is being reviewed) and a recorder (to make notes in the document). The subject of the inspection is typically a document, such as a requirements document or a test plan. The purpose of an inspection is to find problems and see what is missing, not to fix anything. The result of the meeting is documented in a written report. Attendees should prepare for this type of meeting by reading through the document, before the meeting starts; most problems are found during this preparation. Preparation for inspections is difficult, but is one of the most cost-effective methods of ensuring quality, since bug prevention is more cost effective than bug detection. A14. What is Six Sigma? Ans. â€Å"Six Sigma† means Six Standard Deviations from the mean. It is a methodology aimed to reduce defect levels below 3. 4 Defects Per one Million Opportunities. Six Sigma approach improves the process performance, decreases variation and maintains consistent quality of the process output. This leads to defect reduction and improvement in profits, product quality and customer satisfaction. Q15. What is difference between CMM and CMMI? Ans. â€Å"CMM† means â€Å"Capability Maturity Model† developed by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI). It is a process capability maturity model, which aids in the definition and understanding of an organization’s processes. CMM is intended as a tool for objectively assessing the ability of government contractors’ processes to perform a contracted software project. Whereas â€Å"CMMI† means â€Å"Capability Maturity Model Integration† it has superseded CMM. The old CMM has been renamed to Software Engineering CMM (SE-CMM). Q16. What is Verification? Ans. Verification ensures the product is designed to deliver all functionality to the customer; it typically involves reviews and meetings to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements and specifications; this can be done with checklists, issues lists, walkthroughs and inspection meetings. Q17. What is Validation? Ans. Validation ensures that functionality, as defined in requirements, is the intended behavior of the product; validation typically involves actual testing and takes place after verifications are completed. Q18. What is a Test Plan? Ans. A software project test plan is a document that describes the objectives, scope, approach and focus of a software testing effort. The process of preparing a test plan is a useful way to think through the efforts needed to validate the acceptability of a software product. The completed document will help people outside the test group understand the why and how of product validation. It should be thorough enough to be useful, but not so thorough that none outside the test group will be able to read it. Q19. What is a Walkthrough? Ans. A walkthrough is an informal meeting for evaluation or informational purposes. A walkthrough is also a process at an abstract level. It’s the process of inspecting software code by following paths through the code (as determined by input conditions and choices made along the way). The purpose of code walkthroughs is to ensure the code fits the purpose. Walkthroughs also offer opportunities to assess an individual’s or team’s competency. Q20. What is Software Life Cycle? Ans. Software life cycle begins when a software product is first conceived and ends when it is no longer in use. It includes phases like initial concept, requirements analysis, functional design, internal design, documentation planning, test planning, coding, document preparation, integration, testing, maintenance, updates, re-testing and phase-ou Q21. What is the Difference between STLC SDLC? Ans. STLC means † Software Testing Life Cycle†. It starts with activities like : 1) Preparation of Requirements Document 2) Preparation of Test Plan 3) Preparation of Test Cases 4) Execution of Test Cases 5) Analysis of Bugs 6) Reporting of Bugs 7) Tracking of Bugs till closure. Whereas SDLC means † Software Development Life Cycle† is a software development process, used by a systems analyst to develop an information system. It starts with activities like : 1) Project Initiation 2) Requirement Gathering and Documenting 3) Designing 4) Coding and Unit Testing 5) Integration Testing 6) System Testing 7) Installation and Acceptance Testing 8) Support or Maintenance Q22. What is the Difference between Project and Product Testing? Ans. If any organization is developing the application according to the client specification then it is called as project. Accordingly its testing is known as â€Å"Project Testing† Whereas If any organization is developing the application and marketing it is called as product. Hence its testing is known as â€Å"Product Testing† Q23. How do you introduce a new software QA process? Ans. It depends on the size of the organization and the risks involved. For large organizations with high-risk projects, a serious management buy-in is required and a formalized QA process is necessary. For medium size organizations with lower risk projects, management and organizational buy-in and a slower, step-by-step process is required. Generally speaking, QA processes should be balanced with productivity, in order to keep any bureaucracy from getting out of hand. For smaller groups or projects, an ad-hoc process is more appropriate. A lot depends on team leads and managers, feedback to developers and good communication is essential among customers, managers, developers, test engineers and testers. Regardless the size of the company, the greatest value for effort is in managing requirement processes, where the goal is requirements that are clear, complete and testable. Q24. What is configuration Management? Ans. Configuration Management (or CM) is the processes of controlling, coordinating and tracking the Standards and procedures for managing changes in an evolving software product. Configuration Testing is the process of checking the operation of the software being tested on various types of hardware. Q25. What is the role of QA in a software producing company? Ans. QA is responsible for managing, implementing, maintaining and continuously improving the Processes in the Company and enable internal projects towards process maturity and facilitate process improvements and innovations in the organization. Tester is responsible for carrying out the testing efforts in the company. In many companies QA person is responsible both the roles of Testing as well as creating and improving the processes. Q26. What is Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)? Ans. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis is a systematic approach to risk identification and analysis of identifying possible modes of failure and attempting to prevent their occurrence. Q27. What is Test Maturity Model or TMM? Ans. Test Maturity Model or TMM is a five level staged framework for test process improvement, related to the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) that describes the key elements of an effective test process. Q28. What is the difference between API ABI? Ans. Application Programming Interface (API) is a formalized set of software calls and routines that can be referenced by an application program in order to access supporting system or network services. Whereas Application Binary Interface (ABI) is a specification defining requirements for portability of applications in binary forms across different system platforms and environments. Q29. What is I V V? Ans. I V V means Independent Verification and Validation. Verification typically involves reviews and meetings to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements, and specifications. Verification can be done with the help of checklists, issues lists, walkthroughs, and inspection meetings. Whereas Validation typically involves actual testing and takes place after verifications are completed. Q30. What are the benefits of Software Validation? Ans. Software validation is an important tool employed to assure the quality of the software products. Few benefits are as under: 1) It increases the usability and reliability of the device software, resulting in reduced failure rates, less recalls and corrective actions, less liability to device manufacturers. 2) It reduces the long term costs by making it easier and less costly to reliably modify software and revalidate software changes. 3) It helps to reduce the long-term cost of software by reducing the cost of validation for each subsequent release of the software. Q31. What is the role of Design Reviews in Software Development Life Cycle? Ans. Design review is a primary tool for managing and evaluating software development projects. Design reviews allow management to confirm that all goals defined in the software validation plan have been achieved. Formal design reviews are more structured and include participation from others outside the development team. Design reviews are documented, comprehensive, and systematic examinations of a design to evaluate the adequacy of the design requirements, to evaluate the capability of the design to meet these requirements, and to identify problems. Design reviews include examination of development plans, requirements specifications, design specifications, testing plans and procedures, all other documents and activities associated with the project. Q32. What is the need of Software Validation after a change? Ans. When any change even a small one is made to the software, following activities need to be performed: 1) Re-establishment of the validation status of the software. 2) Conducting necessary validation analysis – not for the sake of validation of the individual change, but o to know the effect of the change on the entire software system. ) Conducting suitable level of regression testing to show that unchanged but vulnerable portions of the system have not been adversely affected. Regression testing is meant to provide a confidence that the software has been validated after the change. Q33. How would you convince upper management that company needs a formal QA testing team? How would you explain that Software quality would not improve if the company get rid of QA team? Ans. Developing amazing applications isn’t the same as testing them, ut a experienced QA tester, I would rather have a developers testing application than the testers who can just plainly submit bug reports. QA team needs to build quality into software development life cycle. The bug in software design is 15times cheaper than a bug in code. QA productivity is really hard to measure. If QA team is doing testing right, , everything just happens smoothly, but if testers mess up even a little, everyone knows about it. To be successful, QA team must create test plans, create test harnesses, create test cases and use testing tools. QA should ensure whether the application code is effectively delivering on the business requirements provided. The developers should unit test their own code and deliver ‘perfectly good code’ , while QA testers should deliver ‘code that actually addresses business needs’. For a company that make software applications, a rock-solid QA department is absolutely irreplaceable. Q34. WhatQuality Assurance and Quality Control activities are done differently for COTS / GOTS project than for a traditional custom development project? | Ans. The activities themselves are broadly the same, but with different stakeholders, and different detailed procedures for verification and validation. Often the challenge for SQA is to pin down the ownership of the requirements, which may be represented by a complex debate between marketing departments, technical eggheads, user groups, customer focus groups and other interested parties. | | Q35. What in your opinion is the role of SQA personnel with respect to inspections or testing? | Ans. Formally, the role is to make the inspection process or testing process visible, both to the participants (so they can see what they are achieving, how effective they are being) and to management (so that they can assess progress and risk). In practice, SQA personnel often need to act as facilitators or coaches. They are often regarded (wrongly) as the owners or custodians of the inspection or testing process, or even as the owners/custodians of the whole software process. Part of the training and mentoring for SQA personnel should address the difficult dilemma of how to be adequately engaged in the software process without being landed with the responsibility for it. | | Q36. What are the most likely quality consequences of choosing an inappropriate life cycle model for a software project? | Ans. The most likely consequence is that the project will not deliver anything at all. Not because the lifecycle couldn? t be made to work technically, but because it will fail to contain the political tensions between stakeholders. | | Q37. What in your opinion, are the most important changes that occurred in the role of Software Quality Assurance during the last 5 to 10 years? Ho| Ans. rowing awareness and importance of public domain models such as SEI SW CMM, BOOTSTRAP and SPICE. Changing nature of software development, especially model-based development (CASE) and component-based development (CBD). Growing need to connect software of different ages and sources. Software projects not pure software development, but including maintenance, package selection and implementation, and other software activities. (Perhaps software projects never were pure development, but such topics as project management, quality management and configuration management used to be taught as if they were. )   Faced with these changes, SQA needs to be both reductionist (giving close attention to the quality of components from various sources) and holistic (giving broad attention to the emergent properties of the whole assembled system, in terms of its overall fit to business requirements). As I see it, the mandate of SQA is to make defects in software products and processes visible to management. SQA fits into a context of software quality management where this visibility leads to corrective and preventative action (not itself part of SQA), and to general software process improvement. | Q38. Someone complains that during system testing the application often crashes. What likely process problem does that indicate? | Ans. Systematic failure to carry out proper unit testing. OR inconsistency between the development/unit test environment and the system test environment. AND ALSO management failure to respond promptly to the situation with corrective and preventative action. | | Q39. What exposure have you had to auditing? Internal? External? Certification related? | Ans. I have been trained as a lead assessor for ISO 9000 and also as an examiner for the European Quality Award. I have conducted internal audits and informal external assessments but not formal external audits. I have advised organizations on steps towards certification. | Q40. What in your opinion are the most significant fundamental differences between SEI SW-CMM and ISO 9000-3? | Ans. The main difference is what the two models tell you. ISO 9000-3 gives you a yes/no answer, whereas SEI SW-CMM gives you a more complex assessment. This implies different ways of using the models for SQA and process improvement. | 1. Difference is ISO is a standard and CMMI is a model with framework. 2. Other one is Specific practices should be determinded in ISO and where as CMMI model having predefined useful specific and general practices. | Q41. In your experience, who are the most important allies of SQA within an organization? | Ans. SQA is a form of risk awareness, and is therefore potentially allied to any senior management with a risk management focus. Within some companies/industries (e. g. insurance), software risks are seen as having mainly financial consequences, and so the main ally might be the financial director. Within other companies/industries (e. g. retail), software risks are seen as having mainly customer service implications, and so the main allies may be in marketing roles. In one client, we had useful conversations with the Company Secretariat, because of the due diligence implications of some software risks. These conversations were triggered by Y2K issues, but ranged much more widely. In practice, SQA often fails to make these alliances, because it gets bogged down in obscure software technicalities and trivialities, which it is incapable of communicating effectively even to software engineers, let alone anybody else. | Q42. A company recruits its first and only SQA â€Å"specialist†. The person is new to the area. The company is relatively young, operates in a competitive commercial domain and has no previous SQA presence. The SQA specialist feels he needs to show some results during the next 6 to 9 months. What advice will you give him? | Ans. Start with a risk assessment, to identify the significant software risks and their business implications. Identify managers directly affected by these implications, who may be recruited as allies. Select a small number of issues to address in the initial phase. Try to include some quick wins, as well as some improvements that could be achieved within 3-6 months. Don? t try to do everything at once. At this stage, use whichever model you prefer (ISO 9000-3 or TickIT or SW-CMM or SPICE) merely as a framework, so that you know how what you? re doing fits into a larger picture. | Q43. What advice would you give to someone who asked you where to start to introduce to their company a metrics and quality reporting program? | Ans. Use the GQM approach to derive relevant metrics from personal and corporate goals. Select a small number of key metrics that will be directly relevant to project managers and/or software engineers. Put the metrics into the hands of the workers, as a tool for personal performance improvement. | | | | Q44. What is Total Quality Management? Ans. A company commitment to develop a process that achieves high quality product and customer satisfaction. Q45. What is Quality Circle? Ans. A group of individuals with related interests that meet at regular intervals to consider problems or other matters related to the quality of outputs of a process and to the correction of problems or to the improvement of quality. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | How to cite Quality Assurance Question Bank, Papers

Leadership Theory and Contemporary Challenges †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Theory and Contemporary Challenges. Answer: Introduction: Rock Paper Scissors is a salon operating on small scale in hair dressing industry in Australia. Establishment of salon was done after its owner won a major Australian national hair dressing competition. Report is prepared to address several contemporary challenges faced by salon in the Australian business environment. Rock Paper Scissors does not have any established mission and vision statements and does not have any defined strategic goals and objectives. Management of organization lacks in each and every aspect as it does not have any properly planned financial and strategic planning (Dean Bowen, 2016). Since, the year of its formation, salon has never been operating profitably and in light of ongoing issues profit generation seems impossible. Present study deals with analysis and evaluation of strength of salon by forming and executing strategic in appropriate manner to achieve desirable targets. Furthermore, it has been viewed that there are no proper documentation of policies and does not have any developed performance indicators for measuring financial performance and customer satisfaction. Employees are demotivated to the extent that they are not punctual and leading to theft of salon properties (Petronio, 2013). All these have a devastating impact on the overall performance of salon and its sustainability position. Implementation of proper management tool for improving the position of salon in competitive environment of Australia hairdressing industry. Development of key performance indicators for assessing financial performance and performance of employees. Formation of coherent and cohesive mission statements and development of corporate goals and objectives. Identification of core competencies and working on it for gaining competitor advantages over other salon operating in same area. Employment of management tools and principles of leadership and motivational theories for creating a environment that will generate organizational success. Management concepts, principles and theories: Mission and vision statements are regarded s an extremely important part of business planning of enterprise such as salon. It serves as a platform for unifying all the stakeholders such as employees, customers, government as they work towards attainment of organizational goals. Mission statements should incorporate defining of core competencies that would set a particular organization apart from its competitors. Such statements should ne motivating and inspiring and all stakeholders are benefitted from uplifting mission statements. It is required by any business to formulate its mission statement first as stayed by rational goal model that would ultimately lead to establishment of strategies, objectives and goals (Van Wart, 2013). Rock Paper Scissors is required to formulate a mission statement that should incorporate the following elements: Mission statement of Rock Paper Scissors should be concise, focused and clear and the statement can be crafted depending upon the budget of salon. Mission statement should be displayed proudly and certain materials should also display such statement. Providing quality service to its customers Incorporating and adhering to ethical requirements Priorities of management and organization as a whole Strategy, goals and objectives: An organization is likely to experience higher growth and profitability if it has well defined strategy, objectives and goals. Setting clear objectives and goals will assist the management in monitoring the performance of enterprise such as hair dressing salon. There are few organizational goals that is served by the formulation of strategies and goals such as it facilitates planning, provides direction and guidance, inspiring and motivate employees and staffs and assisting organization in controlling and evaluating performance. Employees can seek strategies and goals for guidance when they are to deal with difficult circumstances (Antonaki House, 2013). Goal setting should be done by considering all the facets of salon as there can be inappropriate gaol formation if it is done promptly. Carrying out assessment of salon opportunities and weakness for strategies formation Developing action plan and setting out measurement basis Developing ways to overcome some of operational issues faced by salon Gaining perspective of target market about what they seek from hair dressing salon and according forming strategies Evaluation of financial and operational performance by setting benchmark Strategic and Financial planning: Rock Paper does not have any strategic and financial plan that is one of the reasons why salon is lacking behind in terms of profitability and performance. Prolonged sustainability can be experienced by any business if it has the capability of overcoming external and internal challenges posed by competing environment. The back bone of any business is its financial planning (Meredith, 2013). Salon discussed in the case study does not have any such plan and it has never operated profitably since its establishment. Rock Paper is required to have financial and strategic plan in place to deal with current issues they are facing: Development of financial indicators for measuring financial performance and reviewing financial report in annual basis as well Salon has immense potential for growth if they have proper plans and sufficient amount of funds should be available to meet some unanticipated changes. A proper and understanding in the field of business should be there as having a professional qualified experts and staffs would add great advantage to salon. Performance indicators and adoption of some techniques for data collection on number of customer visits and serviced by staffs to monitor operations. Innovation plays a vital role in shaping the future of salon and they should have the commitment of responsible and sustainable innovation. Innovation will help salon to improve their existing operations by developing, testing, prioritising and modifying. However, it is sometimes difficult for organization to get involved and formulate innovative strategy. In the area of intense competition in Australian business environment, shortened product life cycle and speedy changes in trend and tastes of customers, innovation is regarded as critical factor (Hill et al., 2014). Rock Paper should make marketing a central part of the business planning as they have a very significant role to play in creating sustainable business. Rather than developing an image, salon should focus on cultivating an ethos that will ultimately improve image. Salon is required to be savoir-faire about their products and services prices. Services provided by professionals should be kept on higher prices and this high price can be offset by offering discount on some promotional programs. Creation of an efficient process by and encouraging and creating a collaborative and participative environment. Leadership is essential tool of management that is necessity for managing any organization. Team building is a key management approach for managing salon. For handling growth in cultural diversities of employees and customers and changing trend in Australian society is done by inculcating appropriate leadership skills and employing appropriate leadership theories. A leaders leading any salon is required to have some traits such as confidence, self promotion, resilience, delegation, motivation, independence, thirst for knowledge and passionate. Manage are required to employ a particular leadership style depending upon organizational structure and current scenario for dealing with emerging situations (Pfeffer, 2014). A leadership style theory incorporates two basic leadership style that can be employed by leaders or mangers such as democratic leadership style and autocratic leadership style. Democratic leaders encourage staffs to participate in decision making, work with employees and do not carry out supervisions. Autocratic leaders closely supervise employees and direct them and take decision themselves. Fiedlers contingency leadership theory makes the assumption that leadership styles are constant and it considers the situation for employing leadership style and maximizing performance. It determines whether the leadership style is relationship oriented or task oriented. Another model is path gaol leadership theory that helps in identification of most appropriate style of leadership suiting specific circumstances for maximization of both job satisfaction and performance (Northouse, 2015). In accordance with this model, responsibility of leaders is to motivate employees for attaining organizatio nal and personal goals. Such leaders take into account environmental and situational factors. Hairdressers at Rock Paper should be encouraged to pursue hair dressing carrier rather than performing their task as daily routine job. Delegation of weakest leadership skills by salon mangers for identifying the existing gap in there. Rock Paper scissors should employ path goal leadership style that is one of the most suitable leadership models to be incorporated in the management of salon given the current scenario. Consultative decision making, participation and encouraging and collaborative participation, sharing responsibility, task delegation and reflective listening should be adopted by manners at salon. Motivation is crucially important for getting task done by employees in efficient and effective manner. Rock Paper employees are not motivated for performing their obligations and damaging and causing theft to salons property. Motivation is required for increasing job satisfaction and enabling a sense of achievement. There are three motivational factors that drive the performance of employees according to McCellands, theory of needs that involves affiliation, achievement and influence (Gladwin et al., 2015). As per Maslows hierarchy of need theory, there are five motivational factors that involve physiological needs, self actualization needs, ego and self esteem, social needs and safety needs. Salon is required to develop an environment that encourages and motivated employees to work. Rock Paper should make the employment of Maslows hierarchy that will drive the employees performance if such needs are addressed. For setting challenge and specifying goal and objectives, salon should incorporate goal setting theory. Management of performance of organization and employees is very essential for its sustainability. Rock Paper does not have any want to measure employee performance such as there is no track and records of number of clients served by them on each particular day. There are not any developed performance indicators for measuring financial performance (Ramos et al., 2014). Implementation the performance appraisal system would help in rewarding employees for the efforts undertaken by them. Individual hairdressers should be assessed by reviewing their performance and rewarding them for their efforts. Execution of performance planning that leads to identification of key responsibilities of employees. Managerial environment in which hairdressing salon operates: Skills development for managing resources and planning are required to be done by managers at salon. Strengthening of retention and recruitment strategies is the priority of managers for handling the current scenario. At the very initial stage of business planning and enabling hair dressing salon to survive, management training is considered to be of utmost importance. In the era of technological advancements, managers at Rock Paper are required to have greater knowledge and understanding of technologies. There is wide variety of small roles that needs to be upgraded for skills enhancements that requires possession of such skills. For management of Rock Paper, managers are required to have greater knowledge of financial, operational, marketing and human resource management. Human resource management skills are needed for addressing diversified needs and boosting employees morale towards attaining organizational goals (Donaldson et al., 2014). Government regulations- Hair dressing salon are required to adhere with regulations of hair dressing establishments. They are required to comply with the requirements of code of practice for skin penetration procedures. Any change in such regulations requirement would impact salon operations (Donaldson, 2014). Technological development- Information and communication technology influences the rate of performance of salon. It is required by salon to adjust in current competing environment by adopting the technological softwares that would ease the task of employees and assist them in providing services efficiently. Trends and fashion- Operations of hair dressing salon is considerably impacted by the rapid changes in trend, tastes and preferences of customers. Population- The demand of hair dressing and beauty services in Australia has been increasing significantly with the increase in population that has the consequence of increasing discretionary income. Conclusion: From the analysis of case study on Rock Paper Scissors, it has been ascertained that there are many contemporary challenges that are faced by salon in present situation. Issues are mainly related with financial and strategic planning that had adversely affected the overall performance of organization. Salon is required to develop internally on several fronts such as management of its employees, customers and other stakeholders for sustaining in this competitive environment. Addressing such challenges and issues faced by Rock paper would help them in operating profitably. Recommendations: Report has displayed recommendations separately for each of issues presented and discussed above. However, all the recommendations van be wrapped up by saying that Rock Paper should employ relevant management theories and tools for dealing with present challenges they are facing. Issues faced by organization in retention of customers and for handling demotivated employees are dealt by employing the above recommended leadership and motivational theories. Path goal theory of leadership is considered to be the suitable strategies for generating employee satisfaction and motivating them leading to improved performance. 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