Neuroendocrine Tumors - 2299 Words

Carcinoid tumors are a subset of neuroendocrine tumors and overall incidence of carcinoids in the United States is estimated at 5.25 cases per 100,000 population. The majority of carcinoid tumors arise within the gastrointestinal tract (58%), with the pulmonary system as the next most common site of origin (27%). The remainder (15%) arises from other or unknown locations1. Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors comprise a spectrum of tumors including low grade neuroendocrine tumors (typical carcinoids), intermediate grade neuroendocrine tumors (atypical carcinoids) and high grade neuroendocrine tumors (large cell neuroendocrine and small cell carcinomas). Carcinoid tumors comprise about 0.5 to 5% of all lung tumors and are malignant tumors with the potential to metastasize.2-4 Typical carcinoids comprise about 90% of all pulmonary carcinoids and show a high degree of differentiation, rare mitoses (3 mitotic figures/10 hpf), scarce pleomorphism or necrosis. The remaining 10% are atypical carcinoids, which are characterized by increased mitotic activity (3 but 10 mitoses/ 10 hpf, cellular atypia and increased pleomorphism or necrosis. Atypical carcinoids tend to have a higher rate of metastasis and are larger at the time of diagnosis.4 Specimens with 10 mitoses/10 hpf are either small cell or large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas. Of these features, it has been shown that only the number of mitoses is a predictor for prognosis.5 There is no known association between typicalShow MoreRelatedPrimary Atypical Carcinoid Tumor of the Liver: A Case Report553 Words   |  2 PagesINTRODUCTION Incidence of carcinoid tumor is between 55% and 30% in the digestive system and respiratory system. Most commonly carcinoid tumor are seen in the small intestine (45%) in digestive system. Frequency of carcinoid is followed as rectum (20%), appendix (17%), Colon (11%) and stomach (7%) [1]. Primary carcinoid tumor of the liver is not a common disease. Primary carcinoid usually reaches a large size at the time of diagnosis [2]. Carcinoid tumors classified typical and atypical accordingRead MoreDiscussion Medullary thyroid cancer is an indolent neuroendocrine tumor that frequently presents500 Words   |  2 PagesDiscussion Medullary thyroid cancer is an indolent neuroendocrine tumor that frequently presents with disseminated disease. While locally advanced tumor in the neck and mediastinum can be treated with surgery either for palliative or curative intent, distant metastases are not often amenable to operative excision. Metastatic MTC has a similarly poor response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Viable therapeutic options for distant metastatic disease are still absent. Survival rate after discoveryRead MoreThe Cell Carcinoma ( Mcc )1110 Words   |  5 PagesMERKEL CELL CARCINOMA INTRODUCTION Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive, yet rare type of skin cancer which is associated with a very poor prognosis [1]. The tumor is neuroendocrine and originates from the Merkel cells. ‘Tastzellen’, or touch cells, in the skin which were first described by Friedrich Sigmund Merkel in 1875 [2]. These cells were later renamed as Merkel cells. They are oval shaped receptor cells found in the basal layer of the epidermis of vertebrates. They possess synapticRead MoreAcute Onset Of Refractory Hypertension1270 Words   |  6 Pagesotherwise young, healthy patient should immediately raise suspicion for secondary (non-idiopathic) etiologies. This case represents a scenario of secondary hypertension due to Cushing’s syndrome stemming from an ectopic ACTH-producing bronchial carcinoid tumor in a young, active duty sailor. PATIENT PRESENTATION: A 23 year-old otherwise healthy African American active duty male admitted directly from Endocrinology clinic for expedited work-up of suspected Cushing’s syndrome. Patient had been treatedRead MoreCushing s Syndrome : Whole Body Impairment1468 Words   |  6 Pages Cushing s syndrome (CS) is characterized by pathologically elevated free glucocorticoid levels. Endogenous hypercortisolism is usually due to ACTH-secreting pituitary corticotropic adenomas and less often due to ectopic ACTH-secreting neuroendocrine neoplasms or ACTH-independent adrenal cortisol hypersecretion (Yaneva, 2010). Cushing s disease occurs infrequently in an inherited setting in both of these conditions (Yaneva, 2010). There are many tell-tale signs a person will present thatRead MoreCauses And Treatment Of Pancreatic Cancer1573 Words   |  7 Pagespancreatitis. The chronic form can devastate and debilitate the patient this form is at higher risk of pancreatic cancer. The mode of transmission is abnormal cells start to multiply and reproduce and collect creating a tumor or a mast. The detection and treatment of these tumors can be difficult as medical imaging such as x-rays, sonograms and MRI’s don’t always give an adequate depiction of the cancer the best way to see the pancreas is through surgery. There are over 100 kinds of Cancer, theRead MoreThe Anatomy Of The Lungs926 Words   |  4 Pagesalso being evaluated. Loss of the tumor suppressor gene such as p53 in the cell will lead to the cell being unable to recognize DNA damage and continue to survive with errors in the repaired DNA, leading to further point mutations. For SCLC it is mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which promotes the stimulation/signaling of new vascular growth. Further development leads into a carcinoma derived from endodermal and ectodermal tissue. As the tumor continues to grow, it may alsoRead Morelung cancer927 Words   |  4 Pagesand air pollution including second-hand smoke So the people that are affected need to be educated regarding the health issues around the use of tobacco. There are three main types of lung cancer known as non small cell, small cell, lung carcinoid tumor. Non Small Cell Lung Cancer is the most common type of lung cancer. There are about 85% of lung cancers that are non-small cell lung cancers. Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma are all subtypes of non-small cell lungRead MoreA Walnut Sized Organ1077 Words   |  5 Pagesbladder outlet. Prostate cancer usually shows up in the transitional zone. Prostate cancer is where the cells in the prostate gland start to grow uncontrollably. Main Text: Most of the prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas which is a malignant tumor in the epithelial tissue from the glandular structure that forms in mucus-secreting glands throughout the body. Prostate cancer makes up 99% of all prostate cancers (Cancer Center). Some prostate cancers are rare to get and anytime someone gets prostateRead MoreSeneca Valley Virus : Past Perspectives And Future Directions Essay1970 Words   |  8 PagesOncolytic Seneca Valley Virus: past perspectives and future directions This article covers the Seneca Valley Virus (SVV-001) as a hopeful for an oncolytic treatment of certain cancer types. More specifically those with neuroendocrine properties such as rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms tumor, glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, and adult small-cell lung cancer. Each of which effect smooth/skeletal muscle cells, kidneys/adrenal glands (mainly in children), astrocytes of the brain, nerve cells of a fetus, and lung cells